) Introductionng becomes deep and rapid. His is aKFIRST AID is the immediate attention and care given to someone who has beena"injured or has suddenly taken ill.on and care given to someone who has beenainjured or has suddenly taken ill.on and care given to someone who has beenaJ. Included in first aid is self-help and care at home if medical attentionna6 is not available or you are delayed in receiving it.if medical attentionna is not available or you are delayed in receiving it.if medical attentionnaE. A person giving first aid must deal with the entire situation whichntionna> includes what NOT to do as well as the correct things to do.n whichntionna includes what NOT to do as well as the correct things to do.n whichntionnaH. One should be able to give words of encouragement, show willingness toonnaI help in the situation and show that they are competent to deal with thenna injuries.he situation and show that they are competent to deal with thenna injuries.he situation and show that they are competent to deal with thenna;. First aid can mean the difference between life and death. deal with thenna. First aid can mean the difference between life and death. deal with thennaK. It also can make a difference between permanent and temporary disability,a= and a long hospital stay or rapid recovery from the injury.ry disability,a and a long hospital stay or rapid recovery from the injury.ry disability,aG Accidents are one of the leading causes of death. It is not enough toity,aJ just say "Call the doctor" because a doctor may not be able or available,a& to come to the scene of an accident. doctor may not be able or available,a to come to the scene of an accident. doctor may not be able or available,aGTRAINING in first aid is invaluable in preventing and treating a suddenble,aEillness, an accidental injury or caring for a large number of personsenble,a"in a natural or man made disaster.aring for a large number of personsenble,ain a natural or man made disaster.aring for a large number of personsenble,aK. If you are trained in first aid and prepared to help others, you are in aaI better position to help yourself in case of an injury or sudden illness aaJ to yourself. If you are not able to take care of yourself, you may stillaaD be able to give direction to others so they may follow the correct stillaa7 procedures in caring for you and others if necessary.w the correct stillaa procedures in caring for you and others if necessary.w the correct stillaaK. If you are trained in first aid you will be prepared to give instructionsaJ to those that are not and to promote in them reasonable safety attitude.saF It is a humanitarian obligation to assist someone who is stricken orude.saG helpless and the tremendous satisfaction of this assistance is beyondde.sa measure. and the tremendous satisfaction of this assistance is beyondde.sa measure. and the tremendous satisfaction of this assistance is beyondde.saFPREPARATION FOR ANY DISASTER includes training in first aid because indde.saKtime of disasters such as hurricanes, tornado, earthquake, floods and largeaKfires the hospitals and medical services are usually filled to capacity andaJbeyond. Their services are usually delayed or limited because of the greatdanumbers that must be treated.ually delayed or limited because of the greatdanumbers that must be treated.ually delayed or limited because of the greatdaK. If you are trained in first aid, you may be able to help avoid a panic oraH disorganized situation by taking control with the confidence displayed ora; that you know what you are doing and what should be done.nce displayed ora that you know what you are doing and what should be done.nce displayed oraG. It is really everyone's civic responsibility to have the knowledge ofd oraA first aid so they will be prepared to help others and themself.dge ofd ora first aid so they will be prepared to help others and themself.dge ofd oraJSAFETY AWARENESS is promoted by first aid. First aid provides you with theraHknowledge and skill to give emergency care and as a result, you are morehera$aware of what might cause an injury.y care and as a result, you are moreheraaware of what might cause an injury.y care and as a result, you are moreheraK. Accidents are usually caused by human failure. That is, the failure to doaL something that should be done or failure not to do something. This failureJ may stem from inattention, impatience, fatigue or handicaps of the body.re may stem from inattention, impatience, fatigue or handicaps of the body.reF. Malfunctions in machinery, construction or manufacturing procedures,ody.re= faulty designs or engineering are causes of many accidents.ocedures,ody.re faulty designs or engineering are causes of many accidents.ocedures,ody.reG. When all things are considered including the immediate, long-range ordy.reJ permanent results of accident or injury, it becomes very clear why everyreH effort possible should be taken to eliminate or avoid a situation thatryre) may be dangerous to yourself or others.inate or avoid a situation thatryre* Abdomen Injuriesnate or avoid a situation thatryreHABDOMEN WOUNDS are very dangerous because of the possibility of injuriesryreGto the internal organs. When you give first aid for a deep wound to thesryreIabdomen it is important the you place the victim on his back and make himyreGas comfortable as possible, control the bleeding and give treatment forimyreshock.fortable as possible, control the bleeding and give treatment forimyreshock.fortable as possible, control the bleeding and give treatment forimyreJ. You should place a pillow or similar item under the victim's knees so asre& to help relax the abdominal muscles. item under the victim's knees so asreI. DO NOT try to replace protruding intestines or other organs. You shouldsreI cover them with a clean towel, sterile dressing or similar material. IfsreF there is a delay in getting medical attention, you should dampen the IfsreH dressing with sterile water or water that has cooled after it has beenfsre boiled.g with sterile water or water that has cooled after it has beenfsreI. The dressing must be held firmly in place but not tight enough to causesre constriction.must be held firmly in place but not tight enough to causesreK. Do not give the victim fluids or foods because surgery will be necessary.eB. If the victim has combined injuries of the chest and abdomen andecessary.eH difficulty of breathing develops, keep the head and shoulders elevatedry.e" with a pillow or other material., keep the head and shoulders elevatedry.eH. Get medical help as quickly as possible while taking extreme care thatry.e# the victim is transported gently.ssible while taking extreme care thatry.e' Back Injuriesle while taking extreme care thatry.eFBACK INJURIES may be of the open or closed wound type. Open wounds areatry.eHusually caused by objects such as knives, ice picks, sissors, bullets orry.eFother missiles (as would be thrown in an explosion). Closed wounds areorry.eGcommonly results of falls, traffic accidents, diving, skiing or playingrry.e football.results of falls, traffic accidents, diving, skiing or playingrry.efootball.results of falls, traffic accidents, diving, skiing or playingrry.eHAny injury of the back must take into consideration of a possible injuryry.eFto the spinal cord. A fracture of the backbone (vertebrae) could causeryry.eIparalysis below the level of the fracture. All too often, the spinal cordy.eCis not as badly injured as the result of the accident as it is froml cordy.e careless handling of the victim.esult of the accident as it is froml cordy.ecareless handling of the victim.esult of the accident as it is froml cordy.eFIf you must give artificial respiration to someone with a back injury,ordy.e;then you should begin in the position in which he is lying.ack injury,ordy.ethen you should begin in the position in which he is lying.ack injury,ordy.eBIf the victim has been injured in the water, do not place him in aury,ordy.eEjackknife position and do not bend his head forward. You should float,ordy.eEhim to shore very carefully and remove him from the water only when a,ordy.e rigid support is under his back.remove him from the water only when a,ordy.erigid support is under his back.remove him from the water only when a,ordy.eHIt is best if you do not move the victim until an ambulance arrives withdy.e$specially trained medical personnel.ctim until an ambulance arrives withdy.especially trained medical personnel.ctim until an ambulance arrives withdy.eEThe kidney may be injured by a penetrating object or by a blunt forceithdy.eIapplied to the back. The common sign of kidney injury is a combination ofy.eIsevere pain in the side with blood in the urine, shock, internal bleedingy.eor muscle spasm.he side with blood in the urine, shock, internal bleedingy.eor muscle spasm.he side with blood in the urine, shock, internal bleedingy.eHYou should handle the victim gently and get medical attention for him asgy.esoon as possible. the victim gently and get medical attention for him asgy.e. Emergency Childbirthdical attention for him asgy.eIPregnancy and labor are usually a normal physioligical process. The onsety.eIof labor is usually gradual and most of the time there is time to consulty.e5with a doctor and to take the person to the hospital.e is time to consulty.ewith a doctor and to take the person to the hospital.e is time to consulty.eHThe following procedures are not a substitution for medical care before,ty.eGduring and after childbirth. They are given here only because there may,ty.ethey connect only to the spinal column and not to the sternum.bs becausetwoethey connect only to the spinal column and not to the sternum.bs becausetwoeKBreathing will be greatly impaired if several ribs are fractured in severaleFplaces. This is a dangerous situation because the victim's life may beveraleLthreatened. If a rib is displaced from it's normal position, it may punctureJa lung and allow air and maybe blood to escape into the chest cavity whichreKmay cause the lung tissue to become compressed. The victim will often cougheup bright red blood.issue to become compressed. The victim will often cougheup bright red blood.issue to become compressed. The victim will often coughe'. Seek medical services for the victim.pressed. The victim will often cougheK. To give some relief from pain, you should wrap an elastic band or severale3 wide bandages around the lower part of the chest. elastic band or severale9. Make sure the bandages do not interfere with breathing.ic band or severale. Prop the victim's head up.not interfere with breathing.ic band or severaleD. You must always be ready to give artificial respiration if needed.severale4 Clavicle (collarbone) injuryation if needed.severaleHThe weakest portion of the clavicle is about one-third the distance fromraleKthe sternum to the tip of the shoulder and this is usually where a fractureeIoccurs. This type of fracture is fairly common and usually heal in 2 or 3ree-weeks in children and 4 to 6 weeks in adults.n and usually heal in 2 or 3reeweeks in children and 4 to 6 weeks in adults.n and usually heal in 2 or 3ree'. Seek medical services for the victim.dults.n and usually heal in 2 or 3reeI. Support the victim's arm and shoulder by use of a sling to elevate, andree* then bind the arm to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, andree. Shoulder injuries of a sling to elevate, andreeLSprains, dislocation of the shoulder joint, and contusions are fairly commonLto the shoulder and are usually the direct result of a fall or an automobile accident.oulder and are usually the direct result of a fall or an automobileaccident.oulder and are usually the direct result of a fall or an automobile'. Seek medical services for the victim.ect result of a fall or an automobileI. Support the victim's arm and shoulder by use of a sling to elevate, andile* then bind the arm to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, andile/ Upper Arm injuriesof a sling to elevate, andileKIf extreme care is not used, a break in the upper arm bone (humerus) may beeJoverlooked because it may be close to the shoulder and cause less pain andee:disability than if the break was in the shaft of the bone.se less pain andeedisability than if the break was in the shaft of the bone.se less pain andee'. Seek medical services for the victim. shaft of the bone.se less pain andee%. Place a pad in the victim's armpit.m. shaft of the bone.se less pain andee@. Apply a splint and tie it in place on BOTH sides of the break.s pain andeeI. Support the victim's arm and shoulder by use of a sling to elevate, anddee* then bind the arm to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, anddee. Elbow injuries of a sling to elevate, anddeeIFractures of the elbow may involve the lower part of the upper arm or thedeebones of the forearm.w may involve the lower part of the upper arm or thedeebones of the forearm.w may involve the lower part of the upper arm or thedeeIIf the elbow fracture occured while the elbow was bent, do not attempt todee@straighten it and if it was straight, do not attempt to bend it.ttempt todeestraighten it and if it was straight, do not attempt to bend it.ttempt todeeIThere is always a great danger of damages to the nerves and blood vesselsdeeKthat supply the hand. This is all too often caused by the constriction frome,bandages used to hold the dressing in place.caused by the constriction fromebandages used to hold the dressing in place.caused by the constriction frome'. Seek medical services for the victim.lace.caused by the constriction frome@. Apply a splint and tie it in place on BOTH sides of the break.iction fromeI. Support the victim's arm and shoulder by use of a sling to elevate, andome* then bind the arm to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, andome3 Forearm and Wrist injuries sling to elevate, andomeEThere are two bones in the forearm and they may fractured together or andomeJindividually. A fracture the wrist involves one or more of the eight bonesmeIthat make up the wrist. This fracture is often very hard to detect and issmemisdiagnosed as a sprain.his fracture is often very hard to detect and issmemisdiagnosed as a sprain.his fracture is often very hard to detect and issme'. Seek medical services for the victim.s often very hard to detect and issmeI. Apply a well padded splint under his forearm, wrist and hand and tie itsme9 in place so the wrist cannot be moved in any direction. hand and tie itsmeI. Support the victim's arm and shoulder by use of a sling to elevate, andsme* then bind the arm to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, andsme. Treat for shock.m to the victim's chest. use of a sling to elevate, andsme2 Hip and Thigh injuriesa sling to elevate, andsmeJFractures of the hip or thigh may cause moderate to severe pain and shock.meGThese types of fractures are commonly caused by automobile accidents orck.mefalls.types of fractures are commonly caused by automobile accidents orck.mefalls.types of fractures are commonly caused by automobile accidents orck.me'. Seek medical services for the victim.aused by automobile accidents orck.me+. Apply a board splint to the injured side.d by automobile accidents orck.me. Treat for shock.lint to the injured side.d by automobile accidents orck.me. Kneecap injuriesy automobile accidents orck.meJThe kneecap, called patella, is the front part of the knee joint. FracturemeHmay be the result of a direct blow or the front thigh muscles pulling onreme-the kneecap when control of the knee is lost.nt thigh muscles pulling onremethe kneecap when control of the knee is lost.nt thigh muscles pulling onreme'. Seek medical services for the victim. lost.nt thigh muscles pulling onremeK. Apply a padded splint to the back of the extended leg from just below thee4 victim's buddocks to just above the victim's heel.leg from just below thee. Treat for shock.s to just above the victim's heel.leg from just below thee. Lower Leg injuries heel.leg from just below theeGThe tibia, called the shinbone, and the fibula are the two bones in the theeJlower leg. A fracture of the fibula may go unnoticed until persistent paineeJand swelling cause the victim concern. The fibula is naturally splinted byeeJthe larger tibia. There is usually minimal pain associated with a fractureeeof the fibula.ia. There is usually minimal pain associated with a fractureeeof the fibula.ia. There is usually minimal pain associated with a fractureeeHA fracture of the tibia is often associated with an open wound since thereeeFbone is on the front of the leg and is covered only by skin and a thinhereee.layer of tissue. There is usually severe pain. only by skin and a thinhereeelayer of tissue. There is usually severe pain. only by skin and a thinhereee'. Seek medical services for the victim.e pain. only by skin and a thinhereee>. Apply well padded splints to both sides of the leg and foot.d a thinhereee. Treat for shock.d splints to both sides of the leg and foot.d a thinhereee1 Ankle and Foot injuriesleg and foot.d a thinhereeeHFractures of the foot, ankle and toes are usually the result of a directreeeGinjury such as twisting, being hit by a heavy object, being run over ortreeeDfalls. Another source of a fracture of the toe may be from prolonged ortreee.walking. This is a so-called "March fracture". may be from prolonged ortreeewalking. This is a so-called "March fracture". may be from prolonged ortreee'. Seek medical services for the victim.cture". may be from prolonged ortreee4. Keep the victim lying down with his feet elevated.e from prolonged ortreee%. Remove the victim's shoes and hose. feet elevated.e from prolonged ortreeeE. If there is an open wound you should apply a large, bulky dressing.ortreeeK. Splint the foot and ankle with a pillow that is firmly applied and do note# attempt to correct any deformity.pillow that is firmly applied and do note* Dislocationsthat is firmly applied and do noteKA dislocation is a displacement of the end of the bone from the joint. ThiseJdislocation in a shoulder, elbow or fingers is usually casued by a fall orsea direct blow. a shoulder, elbow or fingers is usually casued by a fall orsea direct blow. a shoulder, elbow or fingers is usually casued by a fall orseIDislocation of bones in the knee are usually caused by falls or twisting.rse9There is usually pain, pronounced deformity and swelling.lls or twisting.rseThere is usually pain, pronounced deformity and swelling.lls or twisting.rse(. Do not attempt to correct a deformity.ity and swelling.lls or twisting.rse'. Seek medical services for the victim..ity and swelling.lls or twisting.rseC. Immobolize the affected joint in the position it was found and ifsting.rse' necessary, apply well padded splints.position it was found and ifsting.rse) Sprainssition it was found and ifsting.rseFSprains are injuries to the soft tissues that surround a joint and areng.rseHusually caused by the ligaments, tendons and blood vessels being torn or.rse$stretched beyond their normal range.dons and blood vessels being torn or.rsestretched beyond their normal range.dons and blood vessels being torn or.rse=. Do not allow a victim with a spained ankle or knee to walk.ing torn or.rseK. You should apply a splint made by using a pillow or blanket and forming ae; horseshoe around the injured foot and secure it in place.et and forming ae. Elevate the victim's leg.red foot and secure it in place.et and forming ae(. Seek medical attention for the victim.secure it in place.et and forming ae) Strainsecure it in place.et and forming aeGStrains are injuries that are the result of fibers of the muscles beingng aeKstretched and sometimes partially torn. Strains are sometimes confused witheFa sprain. The most extensive strain involves the back muscles which is witheHusually the result of lifting something improperly or attempting to liftithesomething that is too heavy.g something improperly or attempting to liftithesomething that is too heavy.g something improperly or attempting to liftithe>. Seek medical services for the victim as quickly as possible.ng to liftithe& Burns as quickly as possible.ng to liftitheIBurns are injuries that are caused by heat, radiation or chemical agents.theHCommon causes of burns are carelessness with matches and cigarettes, hot.theJliquid, open fires, using lye, strong acid and strong detergents. Burns ofhe@large surfaces of the body contribute the shock being developed.. Burns ofhelarge surfaces of the body contribute the shock being developed.. Burns ofhe- First degree burnsck being developed.. Burns ofheFFirst degree burns normally heal quickly and are usually the result ofs ofheHoverexposure to the sun, hot water water or steam and light contact withofheEhot objects such as a pan of hot water. With these type of burns comeithofhe1redness or discoloration, mild swelling and pain.e type of burns comeithofheredness or discoloration, mild swelling and pain.e type of burns comeithofheJ. The main objective of first aid for any burn is to relieve pain, preventhe0 contamination, and treat the victim for shock.s to relieve pain, preventheC. Medical treatment is not usually required for first degree burns.preventheJ. Submerge the area that has been burned in cold water or apply cold waterhe- treatment to the area.Do not use ice water.old water or apply cold waterhe treatment to the area.Do not use ice water.old water or apply cold waterhe. Second degree burnsld water or apply cold waterheLSecond degree burns are burns that are deeper than first degree with blisterJformation and appear red or mottled. There is quiet a bit of swelling overerJthe period of a few days and usually the skin has a wet surface due to theerLloss of plasma. They may be the result of very deep sunburn, hot liquids and flash burns.ma. They may be the result of very deep sunburn, hot liquids andflash burns.ma. They may be the result of very deep sunburn, hot liquids and?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.t liquids andI. Submerge the burned area in cold water or apply cold water applicationsand for 1 to 2 hours.ed area in cold water or apply cold water applicationsandL. If the burned area is cooled immediately, it can reduce the burning effect# in the deeper layers of the skin.diately, it can reduce the burning effect=. Gently blot dry with a towel, clean cloth or sterile gauze. burning effect7. Do not break and blisters or remove pieces of tissue.gauze. burning effectH. Do not use any ointment, antiseptic spray or home remedy on any severefect burn.t use any ointment, antiseptic spray or home remedy on any severefect burn.t use any ointment, antiseptic spray or home remedy on any severefect. Third degree burns home remedy on any severefectGThird degree burns are deeper than second degree and are deep enough toefectHdestroy the nerve endings in the skin. This burn can be caused by flame,fect!hot water, electricity or flames.skin. This burn can be caused by flame,fecthot water, electricity or flames.skin. This burn can be caused by flame,fect?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.by flame,fectI. Do not remove particles of charred clothing that is stuck to the burnedect area.t remove particles of charred clothing that is stuck to the burnedectD. If the victim's hands are burned, keep them higher than his heart.urnedectG. If the victim's feet are burned, they should be kept elevated. Do notedect allow him to walk.et are burned, they should be kept elevated. Do notedectI. If the victim's face is burned, he should be propped up. You must watchect for difficulty in breathing.ed, he should be propped up. You must watchect-. Do not give the victim alcoholic beverages.e propped up. You must watchect5. Aspirn or similar medication may be given for pain.d up. You must watchect7. Do not break and blisters or remove pieces of tissue.up. You must watchectH. Do not use any ointment, antiseptic spray or home remedy on any severehect burn.t use any ointment, antiseptic spray or home remedy on any severehect- Chemical burnsr home remedy on any severehectHFirst aid for injury from irritating chemicals that come in contact withhectGthe skin or mucous membrane should begin immediately because the injuryhhectJusually starts instantly. Chemicals such as acids and alkalis or corrosivectchemicals are in this catagory.cals such as acids and alkalis or corrosivectchemicals are in this catagory.cals such as acids and alkalis or corrosivectI. Immediate washing away the chemicals, using large amount of water whichectK continues for at least 5 minutes is one of the most important procedures.t?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible. procedures.t*. Remove clothing from the areas involved. quickly as possible. procedures.tF. If first aid directions for the chemical involved are available, youures.t should follow them.ions for the chemical involved are available, youures.tI. In carbolic acid burns, you may use rubbing alcohol as a final rinse ofs.t the skin.ic acid burns, you may use rubbing alcohol as a final rinse ofs.tD. If alkali burns, you may use a weak solution of vinegar and water.se ofs.t=. DO NOT use vinegar or rubbing alcohol in the victim's eyes. water.se ofs.t- Burns to the Eyee victim's eyes. water.se ofs.tFIf the eye has received acid burns you should begin washing the eye as ofs.tFquickly as possible with tap water and continue washing for at least 5 ofs.tDminutes. If only one eye is involved, make sure you wash so that the 5 ofs.t*chemical is not washed into the other eye. sure you wash so that the 5 ofs.tchemical is not washed into the other eye. sure you wash so that the 5 ofs.t>. Call a doctor as quickly as possible and ask him for advice.at the 5 ofs.tJ. If you can, make a solution of 1 teaspoon of baking soda to one quart of.t! water and wash the eye with it.1 teaspoon of baking soda to one quart of.tD. You should cover the eye with a clean, dry dressing to protect it.art of.tK. Do not allow the victim to rub his eye. Rubbing the eye may cause furthert injury.allow the victim to rub his eye. Rubbing the eye may cause furthertC. You may give aspirin or similar medication for pain if necessary. furthertI. If possible seek the services of an eye specialist. If no specialist isert3 available you should seek other medical services.t. If no specialist isert available you should seek other medical services.t. If no specialist isertCIf the eye has received alkali burns which can cause a penetrating,ist isertGprogressive injury, you should wash the eye as quickly as possible withisert tap water.e injury, you should wash the eye as quickly as possible withiserttap water.e injury, you should wash the eye as quickly as possible withisertK. After washing the eye with tap water, you should hold the eyelid open andt( flush the eye for at least 15 minutes.you should hold the eyelid open andtK. If dry chemical particles float on they you may gently remove them with at clean cloth or handkerchief.oat on they you may gently remove them with at+. Do not wash the eye with a soda solution.ou may gently remove them with at0. Seek medical attention as quickly as possible.y gently remove them with at. Seek medical attention as quickly as possible.y gently remove them with at. Irritating gasese.y gently remove them with at7. Flush the eye with tap water for at least 15 minutes.y remove them with at0. Seek medical attention as quickly as possible.inutes.y remove them with at. Seek medical attention as quickly as possible.inutes.y remove them with at( Sunburnossible.inutes.y remove them with atGFirst aid for sunburn is the same as for first and second degree burns.th at- Chest Injuriest and second degree burns.th atJA SUCKING WOUND of the chest is the result of a puncture of the chest wallatJthru air is flowing in and out as the victim is breathing. Pressure insideatHthe chest is normally lower than air outside. As air is sucked in duringdeatJinhalation, the higher outside pressure may cause the lung to collapse andatDfail to function. The air which is sucked into the chest cavity alsose andatGcompressed the unaffected lung. This makes for a serious emergency thatandatmust have prompt treatment.ung. This makes for a serious emergency thatandatmust have prompt treatment.ung. This makes for a serious emergency thatandatH. You must close the wound so that it will not suck outside air into thendat chest cavity.e the wound so that it will not suck outside air into thendatK. You may use a large pad of sterile gauze, cloth, plastic or similar itemstK to close the wound. It may be held in place with a belt, tape, wide stript of cloth or similar material. held in place with a belt, tape, wide striptG. You may have to use the palm of your hand until a suitable bandage istript found.y have to use the palm of your hand until a suitable bandage istriptH. You should make sure that firm pressure remains on the pad but, not soript* much pressure as to constrict breathing.remains on the pad but, not soriptI. You should place the victim on the affected side if possible. Always beipt6 prepared to give artifical respiration if necessary.possible. Always beipt prepared to give artifical respiration if necessary.possible. Always beiptEIf the victim experiences more difficulty breathing shortly after thes beiptGairtight dressing has been applied, it may be because air is trapped inbeiptthe chest cavity. has been applied, it may be because air is trapped inbeiptthe chest cavity. has been applied, it may be because air is trapped inbeiptG. You may relieve this condition by quickly removing and then replacingbeipt the airtight dressing.ondition by quickly removing and then replacingbeipt the airtight dressing.ondition by quickly removing and then replacingbeiptJPENETRATING WOUNDS of the left side of the chest, or the backside over theptEheart area, could be a very serious wound of the heart or large bloodr theptCvessels, especially if there are signs of internal bleeding, shock,odr theptJswelling of the veins of the neck and arms, faint heart sounds with a slowptor imperceptible pulse.f the neck and arms, faint heart sounds with a slowptor imperceptible pulse.f the neck and arms, faint heart sounds with a slowpt>. Always be ready to give artificial respiration if necessary. with a slowptH. If the object that caused the wound is still in place, leave it there.owptF DO NOT REMOVE the object. To remove the object could result in fatale.owpt bleeding.MOVE the object. To remove the object could result in fatale.owptE. You must not disturb the object but, you need to immobilize it withle.owpt3 dressing and secure the dressing firmly in place.immobilize it withle.owptC. Handle the victim very gently and elevate his head and shoulders.thle.owptD. Take the victim to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible. Ifhle.owptJ possible, have someone alert the hospital of the nature of the emergencypt4 and that the victim is on the way to the hospital.ature of the emergencypt and that the victim is on the way to the hospital.ature of the emergencyptFA LUNG that becomes compressed is an emergency that requires immediateencyptKmedical attention. A lung may become compressed by blood or other fluids ortEby air that has been released into the chest cavity through a tear orids ort$puncture in the surface of the lung.he chest cavity through a tear orids ortpuncture in the surface of the lung.he chest cavity through a tear orids ort9. Take the victim to the hospital as quickly as possible.gh a tear orids ortK. Until medical attention if available for the victim, you should raise hist2 head and tilt it backward, with the neck arched.tim, you should raise histH. Clear the air passages and pull the tongue of the victim forward, withhist the chin held up.sages and pull the tongue of the victim forward, withhistA. Always be prepared to give artificial respiration if necessary.d, withhist. Always be prepared to give artificial respiration if necessary.d, withhistJCRUSHING INJURIES of the chest are a common occurance in vehicle accidentsstJwhen the driver comes in contact with the steering wheel. Injuries of thisstHusually restrict breathing because of the extreme pain. If there are ribisstCfractures involved the pain will increase and there will be reducede ribisstHexpansion of the chest wall. If there are multiple rib fractures on eachisstJside of the chest, the chest wall between the fractures will collapse eachstJtime the victim attempts to inhale. This drastically reduces the volume ofst:air exchanged. This is a condition known as "flail chest".es the volume ofstair exchanged. This is a condition known as "flail chest".es the volume ofst-. Place the victim in a comfortable position.flail chest".es the volume ofstC. It may be helpful if the victim is placed on his injured side, iflume ofst8 possible, and the fractured ribs are only on one side.ed side, iflume ofstF. It may be helpful if you splint the fractured ribs if the victim hase ofst flail chest.lpful if you splint the fractured ribs if the victim hase ofstK. Difficulty in breathing may be reduced if the victim's head and shoulderst are elevated. breathing may be reduced if the victim's head and shoulderstL. If you must apply a bandage to an open wound, be very careful so as to not( interfere with the victim's breathing. wound, be very careful so as to not; Drowning, Water Accidents, and Resuscitationeful so as to notFDROWNING is a type of suffociation that is related to either breathingto notJfluids or an obstruction of the air passages caused by spasm of the larynxotwhile in the water.ction of the air passages caused by spasm of the larynxotwhile in the water.ction of the air passages caused by spasm of the larynxotDDrowning is one of the major causes of death. Drownings can occur inlarynxotBswimming, boating, diving, ice skating and other water activities.inlarynxotswimming, boating, diving, ice skating and other water activities.inlarynxotGDrownings can also happen in the home in areas such as pools, bathtubs,ynxot:washtubs and even in water that is only a few inches deep.ls, bathtubs,ynxotwashtubs and even in water that is only a few inches deep.ls, bathtubs,ynxot- Causes of Drowning inches deep.ls, bathtubs,ynxotBThere is no one cause of drownings. It can happen in any number oftubs,ynxotLcircumstances. Victims that have a heart attach, stroke, fainting, epilepticKattacks, overexertion, loss of conciousness while in water, being struck bycHlightning while swimming or wading have the possibility of drowning. The bycHexcessive deep breathing or overventilation of the lungs before swimming bycEunderwater or seeing how long you can hold your breath can also causeing byc drowning.r or seeing how long you can hold your breath can also causeing bycdrowning.r or seeing how long you can hold your breath can also causeing byc2 Reflex spasm of the Larynxeath can also causeing bycIReflex spasm of the larynx which closes the airway may cause suffocation.bycLThis may happen immediately upon diving, jumping or being pushed into water,Jespecially if it is cold or as a result of fear, pain or other conditions.r,especially if it is cold or as a result of fear, pain or other conditions.r,JEven though the victim slips under the surface and loses conciousness, hisr,*lungs may contain very little or no water.face and loses conciousness, hisr,lungs may contain very little or no water.face and loses conciousness, hisr,2 Submersion in Salt Water loses conciousness, hisr,HThe high concentration of salt from a large amount of sea water that hasisr,Bbeen sucked in will cause large amounts of fluid from the victim'sat hasisr,-bloodstream to pass into and flood his lungs.uid from the victim'sat hasisr,bloodstream to pass into and flood his lungs.uid from the victim'sat hasisr,IDeath may be caused by circulatory collapse brought on by the sudden fallsr,$in the blood pressure or from shock.ollapse brought on by the sudden fallsr,in the blood pressure or from shock.ollapse brought on by the sudden fallsr,3 Submersion in Fresh Water on by the sudden fallsr,KA person's blood is diluted if he has sucked fresh water into his lungs and,Dit enters his bloodstream. Red blood cells are destroyed as the saltngs and,Iconcentration of the blood lowers. The victim's lungs could be relativelynd,)dry due to the rapid absorbtion of water.ctim's lungs could be relativelynd,dry due to the rapid absorbtion of water.ctim's lungs could be relativelynd,JUsually the rupture of red blood cells causes pink-tinged, frothy fluid tod, the way to a shelter. You should treat the victim for shock.done while on,. Drugs and their abuseictim for shock.done while on,KDRUGS when used under medical direction usually have good results in saving,Glives, relieving pain and suffering and fighting disease. When the sameving,Kdrugs are abused or misused, they can become your enemy and be very deadly.,JA DRUG is not always a medication. Some drugs are not used in the practice., of medicine.t always a medication. Some drugs are not used in the practice.,of medicine.t always a medication. Some drugs are not used in the practice.,IDrug misuse is the use of a drug for reasons or conditions for which theye.,Kare not suited or they may be used for the correct purpose but in the wrong,dosage. suited or they may be used for the correct purpose but in the wrong,dosage. suited or they may be used for the correct purpose but in the wrong,IDrug abuse is using a drug excessively or presistently without concern ofng,the accepted medical practice.essively or presistently without concern ofng,the accepted medical practice.essively or presistently without concern ofng,DDrug dependence is what happens when you abuse the use of drugs. Thern ofng,Kdependence always cravings for the drug and sometimes a physical dependence, on the drug.lways cravings for the drug and sometimes a physical dependence,on the drug.lways cravings for the drug and sometimes a physical dependence,IDrugs may be classified in many ways. The following is a list of drugs ince,Gthe medical sense. Alcohol (alcoholic beverages), Cannabis (marihuana),ince,GDepressants (sedatives-hypnotics), Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics,ince,Stimulates and Tranquilizers.ics), Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics,ince,Stimulates and Tranquilizers.ics), Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics,ince,( Alcoholcinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics,ince,GAlcohol is a depressant which affects the higher reasoning areas of theince,Hbrain. In severe stages of intoxication, blood vessels are dialated, andnce,Gthere is an increased loss of body heat. Respiration also decreases anddnce,$perhaps a coma and death may result.eat. Respiration also decreases anddnce,perhaps a coma and death may result.eat. Respiration also decreases anddnce,J. If the person is breathing normally, his pulse is regular, his face is ae,H normal color and sleeping quietly, then no first aid is needed at this ae, time.l color and sleeping quietly, then no first aid is needed at this ae,L. If the person has cold and clammy skin, a rapid and thready pulse, and hisL breathing is not normal then this is a sign of shock and medical attention! should be obtained immediately.is is a sign of shock and medical attentionL. You should maintain the person's body heat and give artificial respiration if it becomes necessary.person's body heat and give artificial respirationF. If the person is unconcious you should place him on his side so thatrationJ secretions may drain from his mouth. This position should allow for goodon breathing. may drain from his mouth. This position should allow for goodonJ. You should always keep in mind that an intoxicated person may be violentonF and you must treat him carefully so that he does not harm himself orlenton others. must treat him carefully so that he does not harm himself orlentonJ. You should encourage the alcoholic to seek help form a drug abuse centeron# or the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).c to seek help form a drug abuse centeron or the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).c to seek help form a drug abuse centeron7 Depressants (Sedatives-Hyponotics)a drug abuse centeronGDowners is the slang name for depressant drugs which act on the nervousteronGsystem and promotes relaxation and sleep. The most common of depressantteronGdrugs are the barbiturates phenobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital andteronIpentobarbital. They are commonly called, in order, goofballs, red devils,ronblue devils and yellow jackets.y called, in order, goofballs, red devils,ronblue devils and yellow jackets.y called, in order, goofballs, red devils,ronFSome other depressant drugs that are nonbarbiturates are, paraldehyde,ls,ronHglutethimide, called doriden and chloral hydrate, called knockout drops.,ronglutethimide, called doriden and chloral hydrate, called knockout drops.,ronJAn overdose of barbituates can cause unconciousness that may deepen into aonHcoma from which the victim cannot be aroused. The combination of alcohol aonand barbituates can be deadly.not be aroused. The combination of alcohol aonand barbituates can be deadly.not be aroused. The combination of alcohol aonL. You should maintain the person's body heat and give artificial respiration if it is necessary. the person's body heat and give artificial respiration?. Seek medital attention for the victim as quickly as possible.l respiration. Seek medital attention for the victim as quickly as possible.l respiration, Hallucinogensuickly as possible.l respirationKHallucinogen drugs may cause mood changes, disturbed thoughts and emotions,nLand illusions and delusions. These drugs include what is commonly called LSDK(lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, morning glory seeds, psilocbin andDLsome synthetic substances. None of these hallucinogen drugs have a generallyaccepted medical use.nces. None of these hallucinogen drugs have a generallyaccepted medical use.nces. None of these hallucinogen drugs have a generallyJ. This person needs very careful attention and you should take precautionsly) to protect the person from bodily harm.n and you should take precautionsly=. You should talk to the person in a soft and soothing voice.e precautionslyI. Get the person to a hospital as soon as possible and it would be a goodsly/ idea if more than one person accompanied him.ble and it would be a goodsly idea if more than one person accompanied him.ble and it would be a goodsly* Inhalants him.ble and it would be a goodslyLModel airplane glue, some paints and thinners, lighter fluid and nail polishKand remover are just a few things that are subject to be sniffed by personshKattempting to get high. The sniffing of these inhalants can cause damage tohLthe liver and other organs as well as death from suffocation or heart attackthe liver and other organs as well as death from suffocation or heart attackA. If the victim is discovered with a bag over his head, remove iteart attack immediately.m is discovered with a bag over his head, remove iteart attackF. If the victim is not breathing you must give artificial respiration.attack4. Seek medital attention fot the victim immediately.icial respiration.attack. Seek medital attention fot the victim immediately.icial respiration.attack) Narcoticsmmediately.icial respiration.attackHNarcotics refer to opium, paregoic, morphine, codeine, herion, dilaudid,tackIdemerol, methodone and such. There is very little that the lay person canack(do for someone that has taken narcotics.ry little that the lay person canackdo for someone that has taken narcotics.ry little that the lay person canackH. Try to arouse the victim and get him on his feet. You may need to slapnack2 him lightly with a cold wet towel to arouse him.. You may need to slapnack:. You must administer artificial respiration if necessary.y need to slapnack3. You shuld maintain the victim's body temperature.essary.y need to slapnack . Do not treat the victim rough.s body temperature.essary.y need to slapnack;. Get medical attention for the victim as soon as possible. need to slapnack. Get medical attention for the victim as soon as possible. need to slapnack) Stimulants soon as possible. need to slapnackEStimulants that are commonly abused are amphetamine, methamphetamine,lapnackFdextroamphetamine, and methyphenidate. They are also called bennies orapnack%pep pills, dexies, speed and ritalin.. They are also called bennies orapnackpep pills, dexies, speed and ritalin.. They are also called bennies orapnack/. You should protect the victim against injury. also called bennies orapnack1. Administer atrificial respiration if necessary.lso called bennies orapnack). Maintain the victim's body temperature.cessary.lso called bennies orapnackF. If the victim has been having hallucinations and delusions, then youapnack) should obtain psychiatric help for him.tions and delusions, then youapnack should obtain psychiatric help for him.tions and delusions, then youapnack+ Tranquilizersons and delusions, then youapnackLTranquilizers include the phenothiazines and reserpine. An overdose of theseLcause a deep state of unconciousness, a fall in the body temperature, a fall3in blood pressure and eventual respiratory failure. body temperature, a fallin blood pressure and eventual respiratory failure. body temperature, a fallH. Try to arouse the victim and get him on his feet. You may need to slapfall2 him lightly with a cold wet towel to arouse him.. You may need to slapfall:. You must administer artificial respiration if necessary.y need to slapfall3. You shuld maintain the victim's body temperature.essary.y need to slapfall . Do not treat the victim rough.s body temperature.essary.y need to slapfall;. Get medical attention for the victim as soon as possible. need to slapfall) Ear Injuries soon as possible. need to slapfallHEAR INJURIES are common type injuries but they may be very dangerous. IffallLany part of an ear is cut off or torn off, it should be sent to the hospitalIalong with the victim. Medical personnel may be able to reattach the parttalthat was torn or cut off.dical personnel may be able to reattach the parttalthat was torn or cut off.dical personnel may be able to reattach the parttalI. You should apply a clean dressing, using light, even pressure and raisetalK the victim's head. A dressing with a lot of pressure may cause additionall injury of the ear. A dressing with a lot of pressure may cause additionall injury of the ear. A dressing with a lot of pressure may cause additionallFA ruptured eardrum may be caused by a blow to the side of the head, anionallLexplosion, middle ear disease, a deep dive or any sudden change in pressure.explosion, middle ear disease, a deep dive or any sudden change in pressure.K. You should place a small piece of cotton or gauze in the outer ear canal..E Do not allow a victim to hit themself on the side of the head in ancanal..K attempt to restore hearing because injury may occur to the delicate inner.H ear. Do not allow an instrument or fluids of any type to enter the earner. canal.o not allow an instrument or fluids of any type to enter the earner. canal.o not allow an instrument or fluids of any type to enter the earner.DIf there is a rupture of the eardrum that is associated with a skull earner.Ifracture there is a great danger of infection entering from the ear canaler.into the brain tissue.eat danger of infection entering from the ear canaler.into the brain tissue.eat danger of infection entering from the ear canaler.L. Cerebrospinal fluids may escape through the ear canal and the fluid shouldD not be stopped from flowing. The ear canal should not be cleansed.d shouldG. Unless there is some specific reason not to, turn the victim onto hishouldH injured side so that the fluids may drain from the ear canal. Prop theould3 victim's head and shoulders up on a small pillow.e ear canal. Prop theould( Eye Injuryall pillow.e ear canal. Prop theouldFIRRITATION OF THE EYEBALL may be caused by wind, dust, contact lenses,heouldJchemicals in the air, glare from the sun, bright lights or foreign objectsldJbeing blown or rubbed into the eye. Foreign objects can be very irritatingldLand cause the surface of the eyeball to be scratched. There is also a dangerKof the foreign object becoming embedded in the eyeball. Redness of the eye,rIsensitivity to light, pain, headache, burning sensation or many tears cane,r.result from surface irritation of the eyeball.sensation or many tears cane,rresult from surface irritation of the eyeball.sensation or many tears cane,rKFirst aid for the surface of the eyeball must be done with extreme caution.rFirst aid for the surface of the eyeball must be done with extreme caution.rJ. Do your best to keep the victim from rubbing the eye because the foreign.rK object may be driven into the tissue and become very difficult to remove.rF. Be sure to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before youmove.r examine the affected eye.s thoroughly with soap and water before youmove.rG. You must never try to remove a foreign object from the eye by using aove.r( match, toothpick or other hard device. object from the eye by using aove.rI. If something is embedded, or thought to be embedded in the eyeball, youe.rE should never attempt to remove it. You should refer the victim to a youe.r medical service.empt to remove it. You should refer the victim to a youe.r medical service.empt to remove it. You should refer the victim to a youe.rJFirst aid procedures for removing a foreign object from the surface of the.r:eyeball or the inner surface of the eyelid are as follows.e surface of the.reyeball or the inner surface of the eyelid are as follows.e surface of the.rL. If the object appears to be on the lower surface of the eye, pull down theK lower eyelid and see if the foreign object is on the inner surface. If iteK is, you may use the corner of a clean handkerchief to lift the object offe the eyelid. use the corner of a clean handkerchief to lift the object offe the eyelid. use the corner of a clean handkerchief to lift the object offeJNever use cotton which is dry around the eye because of the possibly of itfe0sticking to the eyeball and causing more injury.ause of the possibly of itfesticking to the eyeball and causing more injury.ause of the possibly of itfeI. If the foreign object is located inside the upper lid, while the victimtfeB looks down, gently grasp the upper eyelid between your thumb and victimtfeH forefinger. Pull the eyelid forward and down over the lower eyelid andmtfe8 the object may be dislodged or washed away with tears.lower eyelid andmtfe the object may be dislodged or washed away with tears.lower eyelid andmtfeGIf the foreign object is not dislodged and washed away, you may need todmtfeEplace a matchstick or a similar device over the eye and on top of thetodmtfeJcartilage and depress the the matchstick while while pulling upward on thefeGeyelashes against the matchstick. If the object is found, you may use athefe(clean handkerchief to remove the object. object is found, you may use athefeclean handkerchief to remove the object. object is found, you may use athefeIUse an eye dropper or a small syringe to gently flush the eye with water.efeKIf the foreign object is still not removed, cover the eye with a clean, drye0protective covering and obtain medical services.r the eye with a clean, dryeprotective covering and obtain medical services.r the eye with a clean, dryeKINJURY TO THE EYELID is similar to the injury of other soft tissues and theeLfirst aid treatment is much the same. You should stop the bleeding by gentlyJapplying direct pressure on the injury. You should then cleanse the injurylyLand cover it with a clean cloth or dressing that could be held in place by aLstrip of cloth which is placed over the eye and secured in back of the head.5You should get medical attention as soon as possible.ed in back of the head.You should get medical attention as soon as possible.ed in back of the head.IYou should treat bruises that have caused bleeding above or below the eyead.Kwith an ice pack or cold cloth. This will lessen the bleeding and swelling..with an ice pack or cold cloth. This will lessen the bleeding and swelling..IINJURY TO THE EYE BY BLUNT OBJECTS such as a fist or causes by automobileg..Kaccident or explosions can be anywhere from minor to very serious injuries..accident or explosions can be anywhere from minor to very serious injuries..I. Serious injuries may involve damages where the structure of the eye mays..E be torn or ruptured or the loss of sight. Bleeding from a blunt eye mays..I injury can begin several days after the accident so immediate attentions..# by an eye doctor is top priority.er the accident so immediate attentions.. by an eye doctor is top priority.er the accident so immediate attentions..JCover the injured eye with a clean, dry cloth or bandage and transport the..2victim in the prone position to seek medical help.andage and transport the..victim in the prone position to seek medical help.andage and transport the..JPENETRATING INJURIES TO THE EYE could result in the loss of vision or even..Lblindness and as such they are very serious injuries and must not be treatedElightly. Some items that may cause eye penetrations are items such astreated slivers of steel, wood or glass.se eye penetrations are items such astreatedslivers of steel, wood or glass.se eye penetrations are items such astreated@Extreme care must be used when giving first aid for this injury.ch astreatedExtreme care must be used when giving first aid for this injury.ch astreated6. DO NOT attempt to remove the object or wash the eye.is injury.ch astreatedI. Cover both eyes with a clean cloth or bandage which is secured in placetedJ by a strip of cloth or tape that surrounds the head. You must cover BOTHed2 eyes to prevent the movement of the injured eye.ead. You must cover BOTHedH. The sooner a victim receives medical attention, the better the chancesTHedI are of saving his sight. You should call ahead to an eye specialist, ifHedG possible or take the victim to the nearest hospital so he may receiveifHed immediate medical attention.to the nearest hospital so he may receiveifHedJ. If possible, transport on a stretcher with the victim lying on his back.ed- Keep the victim quiet and still if you can.the victim lying on his back.edJ. REMEMBER, first aid is just that, FIRST AID. A victim with an eye injuryed* should seek immediate medical attention.AID. A victim with an eye injuryed1 Face and Jaw Injuriesvictim with an eye injuryedIFACE AND JAW INJURIES always has the possibility of a neck fracture alongyedKwith the possible soft tissue injuries and fractures of the face or jaw anddJare often the result of motor vehicle accidents or other violent injury. AddJvictim with face or jaw injuries may have a hard time speaking, swallowingdd!or opening and closing his mouth.may have a hard time speaking, swallowingddor opening and closing his mouth.may have a hard time speaking, swallowingddJThe possible problem that must have immediate attention is that of the airdd9passageway being obstructed by swelling, blood or salvia.s that of the airddpassageway being obstructed by swelling, blood or salvia.s that of the airddH. Make sure that the victim's air passages are open and that they remainirddF open. You should run your fingers through the mouth to remove brokeninirdd0 teeth, dentures, gum or other foreign objects.mouth to remove brokeninirddI. You may use a cloth or paper tissues to wipe the inside of the victim'srdd4 mouth to clear away any blood or other secretions.nside of the victim'srddJ. You must always provide support the victim's head and jaw and assure thedd+ tounge does not block the passage of air.m's head and jaw and assure theddJ. If there is not a neck injury and the victim is not concious, you shouldddI raise the victim's head and shoulders a little and turn his head to onedddK side so that the blood and saliva will drain out the corner of his mouth.dE You may also turn him on his side or stomach to assist in drainage.mouth.dI. If there is not a neck injury and the victim is concious, you may raiseh.d? him up until he is leaning forward to assist in the drainage. may raiseh.dJ. If the victim has severe or extensive facial injuries, you should assume.dJ that he also has spine fractures until it is proven different by medical.d personnel.so has spine fractures until it is proven different by medical.d personnel.so has spine fractures until it is proven different by medical.dFA special problem may exist if artificial respiration must be given toical.dJsomeone with a jaw fracture or other injuries that cause bleeding from the.dKnose or mouth. You may have to resort to a method other than mouth-to-mouthd,or mouth-to-nose for artificial respiration.ethod other than mouth-to-mouthdor mouth-to-nose for artificial respiration.ethod other than mouth-to-mouthdL. Seek medical attention as quickly as possible for all victims with face orH jaw injuries even though they may appear to be minor injuries. You maye or% need to treat the victim for shock.ppear to be minor injuries. You maye or4 Frostbite and exposure to coldor injuries. You maye orDThe extent of injuries to a person that has been exposed to very low maye orGtemperatures usually depends on many factors. These factors include theye orLtemperature, humidity, wind speed, how lon exposed and the type of exposure.LDrinking of alcoholic beverages, smoking, emotional stress or injury greatlyGintensify the harm that can be caused by exposure to cold temperatures.eatlyintensify the harm that can be caused by exposure to cold temperatures.eatlyL. You should cover the affected area and provide extra clothing and blankets for the victim.r the affected area and provide extra clothing and blankets5. Get the victim out of the cold as soon as possible.a clothing and blankets<. You should give the victim a warm drink if he is concious.ing and blanketsG. Warm the affected area as quickly as possible by immersing it in warmnkets/ water or by running warm water over the area. by immersing it in warmnketsH. Do not massage the affected area. You should handle it gently and stopkets( warming when the area becomes flushed.should handle it gently and stopketsJ. Clean the area with soap and water, rinse thoroughly, then blot dry withts+ a clean cloth. Do not break any blisters. thoroughly, then blot dry withtsE. If fingers or toes are affected, you should place a clean dry cloth withts& between them to keep them separated. should place a clean dry cloth withtsH. Elevate the affected area and protect them from coming in contact withthts bedclothes. affected area and protect them from coming in contact withthtsJ. If the feet are affected, do not allow the victim to walk after the areats is thawed.t are affected, do not allow the victim to walk after the areatsD. Do not apply additional heat such as from a fire, stove or heater.e areats?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.ater.e areats9. You may give the victim a warm drink if he is concious.sible.ater.e areats1 Genital Organ Injuriesoncious.sible.ater.e areatsIGENITAL ORGAN injuries are usually result from kicks, straddle accidents,atsEblows, accidents involving machinery or from sharp instruments. It isnts,atsHpossible that the bladder or urethra may be damaged and allow leakage of,atsLblood and urine in the surrounding area. This type of injury usually causesHgreat pain, swelling and considerable bleeding. Any tissue that has beenusesAtorn loose should be saved in case it is needed for a skin graft.as beenusestorn loose should be saved in case it is needed for a skin graft.as beenusesK. The bleeding may be controlled by pressure of the hand or a pad of cloth.sC. Other treatment includes application of ice packs, protective andf cloth.sC supporting dressings for the open wounds, bed rest and if needed,f cloth.s treatment for shock. for the open wounds, bed rest and if needed,f cloth.s+ Hand Injuries bed rest and if needed,f cloth.sGHAND INJURIES can be caused by many, many different things but the mostoth.sKimportant thing to remember is to elevate the hand above the heart in orders3to help reduce the further swelling of the tissues.above the heart in ordersto help reduce the further swelling of the tissues.above the heart in orders;. If the injury is extensive, do not attempt to cleanse it.e heart in ordersA. Apply pressure over a clean or sterile pad to control bleeding.t in ordersH. You should place a roll of bandage, cloth or similar material into theders< victim's palm of the hand and curve his fingers around it.ial into thedersI. Seperate the victim's fingers by gauze or dressing and cover the entireersK hand with a clean cloth or other similar material or a clean plastic bag.sE. Raise the victim's hand in a sling or on pillows and obtain medicalc bag.s attention for him. hand in a sling or on pillows and obtain medicalc bag.sL. If blister fluids from blood or water blisters are deep in the palm of theF hand, then self-care should not be attempted. Seek medical services.of the) Head Injuriesmpted. Seek medical services.of theKSCALP INJURIES even it they are small, tend to bleed profusely and a severeeLinjury may be overlooked because it is concealed by thick hair. Scalp woundsJmay contain bone fragments, hair, glass, dirt or any other foreign matter.dsEYou must never attempt to clean wounds to the scalp of foreign mattertter.dsIbecause it could cause bleeding and possibly lead to contamination of the.dsbrain.e it could cause bleeding and possibly lead to contamination of the.dsbrain.e it could cause bleeding and possibly lead to contamination of the.dsH. First aid for severe bleeding of a scalp wound should be done with thee.dsH victim's head and shoulders raised above his heart without bending hise.dsL neck because a fracture may be present. You must be careful not to put tooL much pressure on the wound since the skull may be fractured. When you haveJ bleeding under control you should hold the dressing in place with a wideveC strip of cloth in order to maintain the pressure. You should seek a wideve immediate medical attention.aintain the pressure. You should seek a wideve immediate medical attention.aintain the pressure. You should seek a wideveLBRAIN INJURY is a factor to consider in any wound to the scalp, any fractureIof the skull and in an illness, such as a stroke. In open skull fracturesureKthere is not only lacerations of the covering membrane, very often there iseJdistruction of some brain tissue and since such injuries are contaminated,se1they have a very high risk of becomming infected.njuries are contaminated,sethey have a very high risk of becomming infected.njuries are contaminated,seL. If there are associated injuries that prevent an adequate supply of oxygenL or blood to reach the brain then there is the possibility of of the victim8 going into shock or suffering additional brain damage.ity of of the victimD. Fluid may drain from the ears or nose even many days after a skulle victimK fracture. The fluid may be clear or tinted with blood. You should make nomH attempt to stop the flow of this fluid. The victim should be cautioned nomH about not blowing his nose. The victim should obtain medical services. nomH. Just because the victim has lost conciousness after a blow to the head nomC does not mean that he has suffered brain damage because a loss of head nom: conciousness almost follows any severe blow to the head.a loss of head nomL. There may be temporary loss of memory or confusion following a severe blowL to the head and this also does not mean that there is any brain damage. IfG the victim loses conciousness later, it may be due to swelling of thee. If brain or bleeding.onciousness later, it may be due to swelling of thee. If brain or bleeding.onciousness later, it may be due to swelling of thee. If@ Other evidences of possibly brain injury are as follows. of thee. IfL. There may be partial or complete paralysis of the face muscles on the sameH side as the brain injury and partial or complete paralysis of the limbsame0 muscles on the side opposite the brain injury.te paralysis of the limbsameF. The victim may be unable to say what he really wants to say due to ambsame@ disturbance of his speech and his face may be pale or flushed.e to ambsameA. There may be vomiting and bleeding from the nose, ear or mouth. to ambsameH. The pupils of the eyes may be unequal in size and there may be loss ofsame bowel or blatter control.y be unequal in size and there may be loss ofsameK. There may be persistant twitching of muscles, headaches and possibly somee dizziness.be persistant twitching of muscles, headaches and possibly somee dizziness.be persistant twitching of muscles, headaches and possibly someeB First aid for a suspected injury to the brain is as follows.ibly someeG. Call for an ambulance that is equipped with oxygen and obtain medicalsomeeF attention for the victim as quickly as possible. You should keep thelsomee5 victim quiet as possible and in the prone position.u should keep thelsomeeI. You must pay particular attention to making sure the victim has a clearmee6 airway. You may have to give artificial respiration. victim has a clearmeeI. You must control any severe bleeding and if a scalp dressing is needed,meeI you should place a large dressing over the injury and then apply a fullmee- head bandage to hold the dressing in place.injury and then apply a fullmeeI. If you are sure that there is no injury to the neck, you should place ameeG small pillow or makeshift pillow under his head and shoulders. DO NOT ameeE place the pillow under the head without it being under the victim'sOT amee shoulders also.w under the head without it being under the victim'sOT ameeK. Never place a victim with head injuries where his head will be lower thaneL the rest of his body. Turn the victim's head to the side so that any fluid) may drain from the corner of his mouth. head to the side so that any fluidK. You should talk and handle the victim gently at all times but do not givedH him any fluids by mouth. You must check for other associated injuries.ivedF. Keep the victim warm to prevent chilling but do not add heat. If thes.ivedG victim loses conciousness you should record the duration so it may be.ived reported to medical officials.should record the duration so it may be.ived2. Seek immediate medical attention for the victim.duration so it may be.ived4 Heat Stroke, Cramps & Exhaustionration so it may be.ivedHIf heat is excessive, it may affect the body in a variety of ways. TheseivedJconditons are referred to as heat stroke, heat exhaustion and heat cramps.edconditons are referred to as heat stroke, heat exhaustion and heat cramps.ed* Heat Strokeheat exhaustion and heat cramps.edJHeat stroke is caused by extremely high body temperature and a disturbanceedJof the sweating mechanism of the body. It is a life threating problem. TheedLbody may be hot, red and dry and the victim's temperature may be 106 degreesJF. or higher; the pulse strong and rapid and the victim may be unconcious.esF. or higher; the pulse strong and rapid and the victim may be unconcious.esK. Undress the victim. You should use a towel to maintain modesty and spongesJ the bare skin with rubbing alcohol or cool water, or place the victim inesJ cold water until his temperature is near normal and then dry him off. Does not add ice to the water.erature is near normal and then dry him off. DoesB. The moving air of fans or air conditioners will help in cooling. off. Does(. Do not give the victim any stimulants.ners will help in cooling. off. Does. Do not give the victim any stimulants.ners will help in cooling. off. Does+ Heat Crampss will help in cooling. off. DoesLHeat cramps are pains of the muscles and spasms mostly from the loss of saltLfrom the body which may be from sweating or not enough intake of salt. These/cramps may be an early sign of heat exhaustion. enough intake of salt. Thesecramps may be an early sign of heat exhaustion. enough intake of salt. TheseK. Mix 1 teaspoon of salt per glass of water and give him half a glass everye 15 minutes for about an hour.ass of water and give him half a glass everye6. Gently massage the cramped muscles to relieve spasm.im half a glass everye. Gently massage the cramped muscles to relieve spasm.im half a glass everye. Heat Exhaustione spasm.im half a glass everyeFHeat exhaustion may result in fatigue, weakness or collapse because ofeveryeHinadequate intake of fluids to compensate for fluids lost from sweating.eryeinadequate intake of fluids to compensate for fluids lost from sweating.eryeK. Mix 1 teaspoon of salt per glass of water and give him half a glass everye 15 minutes for about an hour.ass of water and give him half a glass everyeJ. You should have the victim lie down and elevate his feet 8 to 10 inches.ye. Loosen the victim's clothing.e down and elevate his feet 8 to 10 inches.yeK. Fan the victim or take him to an air conditioned room and apply cool, wete towels or cloths. take him to an air conditioned room and apply cool, wete?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.ly cool, wete( Faintingas quickly as possible.ly cool, weteJFainting is the complete or partial loss of conciousness that is caused byteHthe temporary lack of blood supply to the brain. Usually associated withbyteJfainting is extreme paleness, dizziness, numbness, sweating, cold skin andte. Sugar must be added to coffee or tea if given to the victim.ice, sugar oraF. If the victim is unconcious, seek immediate medical attention and ifar ora? possible call ahead and notify the hospital of the condition. and ifar ora) Hemorrhageital of the condition. and ifar oraHThere may be no immediate outward indication of internal hemorrhage. The oraJvictim of hemorrhage may simply collapse in shock. There will be paleness,ra@rapid pulse and possibly some tenderness over the affected area. paleness,rarapid pulse and possibly some tenderness over the affected area. paleness,raIIf there is sudden collapse, extreme paleness, rapid breathing, shock and,raIrapid and weak pulse, you must always consider massive internal bleeding.,rarapid and weak pulse, you must always consider massive internal bleeding.,ra3.Immediately seek medical attention for the victim.ive internal bleeding.,ra. Keep the victim lying down.ention for the victim.ive internal bleeding.,raK. If the bleeding is from the stomach or lungs, have him to sit up and leana forward.leeding is from the stomach or lungs, have him to sit up and leanaK. If it is not possible for him to sit up, place him on his side or stomacha5 and keep his head to the side and slightly lowered.on his side or stomacha!. Keep the victim's airway clear.nd slightly lowered.on his side or stomacha . Do not give anything to drink..nd slightly lowered.on his side or stomacha( Painhtly lowered.on his side or stomachaKIt is often very difficult for someone to tell if the victim is in pain. Ita%may look like fear, panic or anxiety.e to tell if the victim is in pain. Itamay look like fear, panic or anxiety.e to tell if the victim is in pain. ItaEYou should always show an outward appearance of being calm and gentlyin. ItaFreassure the victim by handling him gently, removing irritants such asn. Ita0lights out of his eyes and stopping loud noises.ving irritants such asn. Italights out of his eyes and stopping loud noises.ving irritants such asn. ItaGTry to find out from the victim the exact location of the pain, how and. ItaHwhen it started, if it is dull, sharp, burning or cramping and any other ItaKsymptoms. This information can be relayed over the telephone to a doctor ifa necessary.This information can be relayed over the telephone to a doctor ifa( Headached over the telephone to a doctor ifaIMigraine headaches and those related to acute sinusitis are fairly commonifaJbut the most severe headaches are those that are related to head injuries,fa'cerebral hemorrhage, and brain disease. that are related to head injuries,facerebral hemorrhage, and brain disease. that are related to head injuries,faHThey may be associated with eye strain, premenstrual period and tension.s,faThey may be associated with eye strain, premenstrual period and tension.s,fa0. You should give aspirin or similar medication.rual period and tension.s,faL. If the headache is unusually severe or unusually frequent, then the victim should seek medical attention.evere or unusually frequent, then the victim should seek medical attention.evere or unusually frequent, then the victim, Pain in the Eyessually frequent, then the victimHIf you have a sudden sharp pain in the eyes, dimness of vision, or halosctimKaround the eyes with increased pressure inside the eyeball, you should seekmImedical attention immediately. These are the characteristics of glaucoma.ekmmedical attention immediately. These are the characteristics of glaucoma.ekm, Pain in the Ears characteristics of glaucoma.ekmKAn acute earache can be extremely painful. Increased pressure or possibly am8middle ear infection may cause a rupture of the eardrum.ssure or possibly ammiddle ear infection may cause a rupture of the eardrum.ssure or possibly amK. If the victim has a simple earache, you may apply any approved medicationm to relieve the pain.simple earache, you may apply any approved medicationm6. You may give aspirin or similar medication for pain.y approved medicationmK. If the eardrum is ruptured, DO NOT apply any medication in the ear canal.m(. Seek medical attention for the victim.ly any medication in the ear canal.m. Seek medical attention for the victim.ly any medication in the ear canal.m( Toothachely any medication in the ear canal.mJA deep cavity in a tooth or an infection at the root of a tooth may be the.mcause of a toothache.oth or an infection at the root of a tooth may be the.mcause of a toothache.oth or an infection at the root of a tooth may be the.mI. Clean the mouth and insert a small piece of cotten into the cavity. Thee.m4 cotton will keep the air from reaching the cavity. into the cavity. Thee.mK. You should apply oil of cloves or similar tooth medication to the cotton.mJ. You should apply either a hot or cold compress to the jaw on the side of.mI the face with the ache. Use which gives the most relief for the victim.f.m6. You may give aspirin or similar medication for pain.ief for the victim.f.m. You may give aspirin or similar medication for pain.ief for the victim.f.m) Chest Painion for pain.ief for the victim.f.mKAngina pectoris and coronary thrombosis are the two most common emergenciesmGassociated with heart disease. The pain in both of these conditions areciesmJ"vicelike". The pain in angina typically lasts for only a few minutes. Thesm?pain in coronary thrombosis presists for a long period of time.inutes. Thesmpain in coronary thrombosis presists for a long period of time.inutes. ThesmLChest pain may be due to lung disease such as bronchitis, pain in the muscle&fibers of the chest wall or pneumonia.such as bronchitis, pain in the musclefibers of the chest wall or pneumonia.such as bronchitis, pain in the muscle?. If the victim is having an angina attack, you should give himin the muscle? nitroglycerine or amyl nitrite, if he has his own medication.in the muscleL. Do not give these drugs if it is suspected the victim is having a coronary thrombosis attack.drugs if it is suspected the victim is having a coronary:. Prop the victim up, if he desires, for easier breathing. having a coronary?. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.ng a coronary. Seek medical attention for the victim as quickly as possible.ng a coronary, Abdominal painuickly as possible.ng a coronaryKIf unusual abdominal pain comes on suddenly and is accompanied by fever andyHthe victim does not have repeated attacks of diarrhea, then it should beandy investigated.es not have repeated attacks of diarrhea, then it should beandyinvestigated.es not have repeated attacks of diarrhea, then it should beandyKIf the victim has had abdominal surgery, abdominal pain could be the resultyGof obstructions from adhesions. The victim should be examined properly.sultyof obstructions from adhesions. The victim should be examined properly.sulty, Food Poisoninghould be examined properly.sultyGFood poisoning is the most common source of acute abdominal pain and itsultyGusually is caused from eating foods that contain bacterial toxins, evensulty?though the bacteria may have been killed by reheating the food.ns, evensultythough the bacteria may have been killed by reheating the food.ns, evensultyGIf a family or large group have eaten foods containing protein, such assultyKcanned meats, chicken salad, creamed dishes or any other food that has beenyLprepared and has stood tool long or has not adaquate refrigeration, or maybeGprepared by someone that has a cold, then food poisoning may be seen inmaybeepidemic form.meone that has a cold, then food poisoning may be seen inmaybeepidemic form.meone that has a cold, then food poisoning may be seen inmaybeKBotulism is a potential lethal type of food poisoning and is usually causedeHby contaminated home-canned beans and corn and sometimes by commerciallysedeprepared products.me-canned beans and corn and sometimes by commerciallysedeprepared products.me-canned beans and corn and sometimes by commerciallysede1 Alergic Reaction to Foodmetimes by commerciallysedeLAlergic reactions to food sometimes resemble the symptoms of food poisoning.8A skin rash is also a sign of possible alergic reaction.s of food poisoning.A skin rash is also a sign of possible alergic reaction.s of food poisoning.J. If the vomiting or diarrhea is unusually severe or lasts more than a fewg.+ hours, you should seek medical attention.severe or lasts more than a fewg.H. If the victim does not vomit or the vomiting quits after a short time,ewg.G you should give hot tea or carbonated drinks in small sips to prevent,ewg.B dehydration by replacing some of the fluids that have been lost.event,ewg.3. Do not give solid foods until the attack is over.have been lost.event,ewg.E. If it is thought the victim is poisoned by drugs or chemicals, thennt,ewg.< medical attention should be sought as quickly as possible.als, thennt,ewg.7. Do not give a laxative to anyone with abdominal pain.ible.als, thennt,ewg.. Do not give a laxative to anyone with abdominal pain.ible.als, thennt,ewg./ Acute Appendicitisal pain.ible.als, thennt,ewg.LAcute appendicitis usually starts in the upper midabdomen and then shifts toLthe lower right side. There will be considerable tenderness in that area. ItEcan occur in any age group. Symptons may subside after a while. Acuterea. ItIappendicitis is a very dangerous illness. There is always the danger of a Itrupture.itis is a very dangerous illness. There is always the danger of a Itrupture.itis is a very dangerous illness. There is always the danger of a It?. Seek medical attention immediately even if the pain subsides.anger of a It. Seek medical attention immediately even if the pain subsides.anger of a It( Hernian if the pain subsides.anger of a ItLA hernia, also called a rupture, is a bulging or protrusion caused by a loopJof the bowel pushing through or against a weak area of the abdominal wall.opKThe rupture may cause some pain during the first weeks and less pain later.pThe rupture may cause some pain during the first weeks and less pain later.pJThe bulge is usually present when the victim is standing and may disappear.pJwhen he is sitting. There is always the danger of the constriction cutting.p!off the blood supply to the loop.ys the danger of the constriction cutting.poff the blood supply to the loop.ys the danger of the constriction cutting.p:. Refrain from lifting heavy objects or vigorous activity.triction cutting.p. Seek medical attention.avy objects or vigorous activity.triction cutting.pD. Do not press on the protrusion or bulge. You may damage the bowel.utting.pK. The vicitm may try lying on his abdomen and bring his knees up under hisp- chest so that the buddocks are raised high.d bring his knees up under hisp chest so that the buddocks are raised high.d bring his knees up under hisp4 Gallstones and Kidney Stones his knees up under hispIIf a gallstone blocks the bile duct or if the tube from the kidney to theispIbladder is blocked by a kidney stone, they may cause extreme excruciatingispIpain. There is usually a period of severe pain followed by slight relief,ispthen the pain again.ly a period of severe pain followed by slight relief,ispthen the pain again.ly a period of severe pain followed by slight relief,ispI. Immediate treatment may not be required but the victim should consult aisp doctor for advice.t may not be required but the victim should consult aisp doctor for advice.t may not be required but the victim should consult aisp1 Perforation of an Ulcer victim should consult aisp=The preforation of an ulcer in the stomach or anywhere in theld consult aispDgastrointestinal track is almost always accompanied by extreme pain,ult aisptenderness and shock.k is almost always accompanied by extreme pain,ult aisptenderness and shock.k is almost always accompanied by extreme pain,ult aisp. Treat for shock.ck.k is almost always accompanied by extreme pain,ult aisp3. Immediately seek medical services for the victim. by extreme pain,ult aisp . Do not give anything by mouth.ces for the victim. by extreme pain,ult aisp>. You should not apply a warm or cold compress to the abdomen. pain,ult aisp. You should not apply a warm or cold compress to the abdomen. pain,ult aisp* Neck Painress to the abdomen. pain,ult aispLA "crick in the neck" is actually a spasm of the neck muscles and it is veryIofter a source of much discomfort. If the condition is such that the neckeryJmuscles are very rigid so that the neck cannot be bent forward, and may beryJeven bent backward, it is an indication that the central nervous system isry involved. backward, it is an indication that the central nervous system isryinvolved. backward, it is an indication that the central nervous system isryE. If the "crick" fails to respond to home medication for pain and hotem isry, application, a doctor should be consulted.dication for pain and hotem isryL. If the victim has rigidity of the neck muscles as described above, then he& should consult a doctor immediately.ck muscles as described above, then he should consult a doctor immediately.ck muscles as described above, then he) Back Painmuscles as described above, then heGSpasm of the lumbar muscles may be the cause of acute back pain and theen heLspasm may be caused by an injury. The injury may have been a slight or maybeunnoticed injury.ed by an injury. The injury may have been a slight or maybeunnoticed injury.ed by an injury. The injury may have been a slight or maybeCIn middle-aged and older persons it is common for them to have some or maybeIdisability of a function, stifness, pain with motion, pain without motionybeIand chronic aching with the noncrippling type of rheumatism or arthritis.ybe#Pain may shift from joint to joint.pling type of rheumatism or arthritis.ybePain may shift from joint to joint.pling type of rheumatism or arthritis.ybe,. Emergency treatment is not often required.e of rheumatism or arthritis.ybe2. Relieve pain with aspirin or similar medication.heumatism or arthritis.ybeL. Some relief may be obtained by the applicaton of heat such as a warm bath, hot packs or liniments.ined by the applicaton of heat such as a warm bath, hot packs or liniments.ined by the applicaton of heat such as a warm bath,* Rectal Paincaton of heat such as a warm bath,IThere may be extremely severe pain form a thrombosed hemorrhoid, commonlyth,Lcalled "piles", and other rectal disorders such as as abcess, a malignant orJbenign tumor because it is very often related to a spasm of muscles in theor rectal area. because it is very often related to a spasm of muscles in theorrectal area. because it is very often related to a spasm of muscles in theorD. Relief may be obtained by applying heat and steady pressure on thein theor perineal muscles.ained by applying heat and steady pressure on thein theor@. Relief may be also obtained by sitting in a tub of warm water. thein theorC. Another method is to take medication for pain and use a shoothingein theor! suppository if it is available.ation for pain and use a shoothingein theor. Seek medical advice. available.ation for pain and use a shoothingein theor. Seek medical advice. available.ation for pain and use a shoothingein theor1 Acute Retention of Urinend use a shoothingein theorKThe inability to pass urine may be caused by exposure to cold temperatures,rKan injury, surgery, childbirth or a disease. A common cause in older men isrKthe enlargement of the prostate. There may be severe pain and distress. TherBbladder may be felt as a large mass in the victim's lower abdomen.ress. Therbladder may be felt as a large mass in the victim's lower abdomen.ress. Ther1. Apply warm, moist packs over the lower abdomen.'s lower abdomen.ress. Ther. A warm bath may be effective.the lower abdomen.'s lower abdomen.ress. Ther<. By suggestion, running water in the room may be effective.domen.ress. Ther. Seek medical attention.water in the room may be effective.domen.ress. Ther. Seek medical attention.water in the room may be effective.domen.ress. Ther) Pelvic Painm may be effective.domen.ress. TherIPelvic pain is very often incapacitating in menstrual disorders but it isherFrarely an emergency. Acute upper or lower abdominal pain could mean an isherKappendicitis or acute gall bladder attack. Suddem pain in the lower abdomenr4may occur with a tubal pregnancy or tubal infection.in in the lower abdomenrmay occur with a tubal pregnancy or tubal infection.in in the lower abdomenr#. Seek medical advice or attention. tubal infection.in in the lower abdomenrL. Painful menstruation that does not respond to mild medication and bed rest should seek medical attention. not respond to mild medication and bed rest should seek medical attention. not respond to mild medication and bed rest( Leg Painpond to mild medication and bed restJCrampin pain, either slight, acute or severe may occur at any time, duringstLrest or exercise. Night cramps are very common. Cramping related to exerciseKthat subsides with rest is sometimes associated with circulatory difficultye in the legs.s with rest is sometimes associated with circulatory difficultyein the legs.s with rest is sometimes associated with circulatory difficultye*. Massage or stretch the cramping muscles.iated with circulatory difficultye=. You may apply heat to the crapping muscles to relieve pain.ory difficultyeH. If pain regularly occurs with exercise and subsides with rest, consultltye your doctor.larly occurs with exercise and subsides with rest, consultltye your doctor.larly occurs with exercise and subsides with rest, consultltye4 Pain associated with Infections with rest, consultltyeDThrobing, acute pain is almost always felt in the area of infection,sultltye0regardless of the location or type of infection.e area of infection,sultltyeregardless of the location or type of infection.e area of infection,sultltye9. You should give aspirin or similar medication for pain. infection,sultltye,. Infection requires immediate medical care.ion for pain. infection,sultltye0 Chronic Heart Diseasefor pain. infection,sultltyeLPersons that have chronic heart disease usually wake up in the night gaspingJfor air because they are extremely short of breath. They may cough frothy,ngCpink-tinged sputum. This could be a warning of coronary thrombosis.frothy,ngpink-tinged sputum. This could be a warning of coronary thrombosis.frothy,ng:. If the case is mild, sitting up in bed will give relief.rombosis.frothy,ng&. Sitting up in a chair may also help.ed will give relief.rombosis.frothy,ng1. If symptoms are not relieved, consult a doctor.e relief.rombosis.frothy,ng& Croupt a doctor.e relief.rombosis.frothy,ngECroup is another type of breathing difficulty that is common in smallothy,ngFchildren. It is a type of laryngitis and is characterized by a ringingthy,ngKmetalic cough and great difficulty in breathing. There will marked spasm ofgGthe larynx. The respiratory muscles of the chest are pulled in tightly.m ofgDUnless the child has been immunized, diptheria should be considered.ly.m ofgUnless the child has been immunized, diptheria should be considered.ly.m ofgJ. Expose the child to moist heat by taking him in the bathroom and turningfg: on the hot water faucets so that steam may be available.room and turningfg". Steam from a kettle may be used. steam may be available.room and turningfg0. Take extreme care so as to not burn the child.available.room and turningfgL. If relief is not found, wrap the child up in a blanket so that he will not; be breathing cold air and take him to the emergency room. that he will not*. If possible, call ahead to the hospital.e emergency room. that he will not5 Asthma and Asthmatic Bronchitis room. that he will notLWheezing in the chest and difficulty in breathing is very often caused by anKattack of acute asthma or acute asthmatic bronchitis. The victim very oftennHhas medication on hand because he may be known to have an allergy. AcutetennKasthma or asthmatic bronchitis is often related to a respiratory infection.nasthma or asthmatic bronchitis is often related to a respiratory infection.n%. Administer the victim's medication.en related to a respiratory infection.nI. Prop the victim up and provide warm, moist air if a spasm of the larynxn.n has developed.m up and provide warm, moist air if a spasm of the larynxn.nE. If the attack is severe, consult the victim's doctor or a hospital.rynxn.n' Hiccupsvictim's doctor or a hospital.rynxn.nKHiccups are due to a spasm of the diaphragm and are rarely severe enough tonLinterfere with the breathing process or to require the services of a doctor.interfere with the breathing process or to require the services of a doctor.2. Holding the breath may help to stop the hiccups. the services of a doctor.F. Breathing in and out of a paper bag will increase the carbon dioxideoctor.: concentration in the blood and possibly relieve hiccups.rbon dioxideoctor.1. Slowly drinking a warm glass of water may help. hiccups.rbon dioxideoctor.>. If hiccups continue for a long time, seek medical attention. dioxideoctor.( Anaphylaxiseek medical attention. dioxideoctor.LAnaphylactic shock is an acute, very serious alergic reaction of the body toJa foreign protein. It may be caused when a person receives a bee sting, antoHinjection of drugs such as penicillin or has eaten particular foods. TheantoHvictim has great difficulty breathing, severe chest pains, becomes weak,antoFpale and collapses and possible may have convulsions. Death can resultk,antowithin a few minutes.d possible may have convulsions. Death can resultk,antowithin a few minutes.d possible may have convulsions. Death can resultk,anto4. Summons medical assistance as quickly as possible.. Death can resultk,antoH. You should be prepared to administer artificial respiration if needed.antoL. If the an antihistamine drug has been prescribed for the victim, it should be given immediately.ne drug has been prescribed for the victim, it should, Rapid Heartbeatcribed for the victim, it shouldJA victim of rapid heartbeat usually becomes aware of the heartbeat becauseldDof occasional irregular beats. These are common in older people. TheecauseldKirregular heartbeat usually occurs early in the heartbeat cycle followed bydHa slightly longer pause than usual. This is commonly misinterpreted as a byd"skipped" beat.er pause than usual. This is commonly misinterpreted as a byd"skipped" beat.er pause than usual. This is commonly misinterpreted as a bydHIncreased exertion and strong emotion usually lead to rapid heartbeat. A bydLperson may become frightened by the increased strength of the heartbeat. TheEperson often begins to breath deeply and may possibly hyperventilate.at. Theperson often begins to breath deeply and may possibly hyperventilate.at. The1. If the conditions persist, consult your doctor.ibly hyperventilate.at. The) High Fever doctor.ibly hyperventilate.at. TheJExtremely high body temperature is a real emergency. Children usually haveheKhigher temperatures than adults. If a high temperature has been experiencedeIand deminishes and a second rise in temperature later occurs, it may be aedewarning of complication.ond rise in temperature later occurs, it may be aedewarning of complication.ond rise in temperature later occurs, it may be aedeG. If a temperature stays at 102 F. degrees or above for more than a few aede) minutes you should seek medical advice.s or above for more than a few aede7 Mental and Emotional Disturbances more than a few aedeAIf a person is fairly well adjusted, the most important emotional a few aede?disturbances are acute anxiety, depression or grief, and panic.al a few aededisturbances are acute anxiety, depression or grief, and panic.al a few aede;. Give reassurance and keep the victim distracted and busy.nic.al a few aedeK. If the victim is greatly disturbed, do not attempt to restrain him unlesse it is absolutely necessary.sturbed, do not attempt to restrain him unlesse. Consult a doctor.necessary.sturbed, do not attempt to restrain him unlesse. Consult a doctor.necessary.sturbed, do not attempt to restrain him unlesseGSome signs of mental illness are hallucinations, withdrawal from normallesseGactivities, spells of crying, persistent inability to sleep, threats oflesseKsuicide, continous temper outbursts, excessive drinking, signs of addictioneHto drugs and carelessness in the dress of a person who was normally wellionegroomed. and carelessness in the dress of a person who was normally wellione/ Leg & Feet Injuriesson who was normally wellioneKLEG AND FEET injuries may be disabling and the importance of small injurieseIis often overlooked. Older people should seek medical treatment for smalleseIwounds because they may take a long time to heal due to poor circulation.esewounds because they may take a long time to heal due to poor circulation.eseJ. If medical attention is going to be delayed, you should cover the woundsseL with a dressing of sterile pads, clean cloth or similar material then wrap5 the wounds with a bandage for support, if possible.ilar material then wrap@. Elevate the injured leg or foot with a pillow or similar item.al then wrap@. Do not allow a person with a leg or foot injury to walk about.al then wrapH. Make sure that the bandage that secures the dressing in place does notwrap constrict the circulation. that secures the dressing in place does notwrapK. You should check the color the victim's toes ocassionally. If they becomepK swollen or blue in color, you will need to loosen the bandages but do notp remove the dressing.olor, you will need to loosen the bandages but do notp remove the dressing.olor, you will need to loosen the bandages but do notpJBLISTERS may appear on heels, toes or tops of the feet from a shoe or boottpEthat doesn't fit correctly. If it is where the victim can relieve all boottpLpressure from the feet until the blister fluids can be absorbed by the body,)then it is best to leave a blister alone.fluids can be absorbed by the body,then it is best to leave a blister alone.fluids can be absorbed by the body,I. If all pressure cannot be relieved, then wash the entire area with soapdy,= and water. Sterlize a needle in a flame or rubbing alcohol.ea with soapdy,I. With the sterlized needle, make a small hole at the base of the blisterdy, and drain the fluid.eedle, make a small hole at the base of the blisterdy,H. Apply a sterile bandage to protect the area unless the blister alreadyrdy,J broken. If already broken, treat it like an open wound and watch out fory, signs of infection.broken, treat it like an open wound and watch out fory,+ Mouth Injuriesan open wound and watch out fory,GMOUTH INJURIES which are bleeding can usually be controlled with directfory,Dpressure over the wound with a clean cloth. Cuts of the skin, mucousectfory,Hmembrane, large cuts of the tounge and all gaping wounds usually requireory,suturing by a physician.the tounge and all gaping wounds usually requireory,suturing by a physician.the tounge and all gaping wounds usually requireory,ISmall wounds of the mouth do not usually require the attention of medicalry,Ipersonnel because they will genneraly heal rapidly if the mouth is rinsedry,2good and you pay proper attention to oral hygiene. if the mouth is rinsedry,good and you pay proper attention to oral hygiene. if the mouth is rinsedry,IBleeding from a tooth socket can usually be controlled by pressure on thery,!area with a small piece of gauze.usually be controlled by pressure on thery,, Neck Injuriescontrolled by pressure on thery,FNECK INJURIES can be very dangerous in many ways. A blunt force to thethery,Jthroat may cause collapse, swelling or serious spasm of the larynx. It mayy,@be necessary to use artificial respiration to revive the victim.nx. It mayy,be necessary to use artificial respiration to revive the victim.nx. It mayy,HYou should obtain immediate medical assistance just in case an emergencyayy,Itracheotomy is required to assure a clear air passageway. ( A tracheotomyyy,+is an opening into the trachea or airway ).ir passageway. ( A tracheotomyyy,is an opening into the trachea or airway ).ir passageway. ( A tracheotomyyy,J. Punctures or cuts to the neck may involve the jugular veins on the sidesy,/ of the neck or deeper main arteries or veins. jugular veins on the sidesy,H. Control bleeding of the neck by pressure directly over the wound. Thisesy,> type of bleeding is very dangerous and difficult to control.ound. Thisesy,K. Get the victim to a hospital immediately. continue the direct pressure on,7 the wound until you are relieved by medical services.e direct pressure on,K. If bleeding from the neck is not a problem, you may place a dressing over,H the injury and secure it in place with a piece of tape. You must neverver,+ place a circular bandage around the neck.piece of tape. You must neverver,K. You should keep the victims airway open and his shoulders and head raised, above his heart.the victims airway open and his shoulders and head raised,2 Nose Injuries and Nosebleedshoulders and head raised,KNOSE INJURIES may or may not include fractures. Ocassionally the tip of the,Jnose may be torn off. Nosebleeds have many causes such as exposure to highe,Laltitudes, strenuous activity, an injury or disease. High blood pressure mayLbe one cause of prolonged and dangerous nose bleeding. Usually they are moreKannoying than they are serious. Blowing the nose, walking, talking and sucheIcan cause the nose to bleed more profusely or to resume bleeding after itche has stopped.e nose to bleed more profusely or to resume bleeding after itchehas stopped.e nose to bleed more profusely or to resume bleeding after itcheJ. You should keep the victim quiet and in the sitting position and leaningheF forware if possible. If it is not possible then the victim should beningheC placed in a reclined position with his shoulders and head raised. beningheL. Direct pressure should be applied at the place of the bleeding by pressing0 the nostril that is bleeding toward the other. of the bleeding by pressing6. Place a cold cloth or ice pack on the victim's nose.e bleeding by pressingH. If the above measures do not control the bleeding, you should insert asingJ clean cloth or gauze directly into one or both of the nostrils and applyngJ direct pressure with your thumb and fingers. Take care that the free endng- of the pad is extended outside the nostril.. Take care that the free endngL. If the above measures do not control the bleeding, you should seek medical services.ove measures do not control the bleeding, you should seek medical services.ove measures do not control the bleeding, you should seek medicalIDeformity of broken nose bones are often the result of not being properlycalIpositioned after a break. The deformity can be the cause of difficulty incal breathing. after a break. The deformity can be the cause of difficulty incalbreathing. after a break. The deformity can be the cause of difficulty incalH. No first aid is needed to be administered except, maybe a dressing mayncal need to be applied.ded to be administered except, maybe a dressing mayncalH. As with all bone fractures, a nose fracture should be attended to by ancal physician.l bone fractures, a nose fracture should be attended to by ancalF. If nose tissue has been torn or cut off, it should be preserved in a ancal< sterile dressing and sent to the hospital with the victim.erved in a ancal' Poisoningital with the victim.erved in a ancalFPoison is any substance that causes death or impairs health when it is ancalHintroduced onto the skin or into the body. The substance may be a solid,ncalliquid or gas.o the skin or into the body. The substance may be a solid,ncalliquid or gas.o the skin or into the body. The substance may be a solid,ncal% Causesbody. The substance may be a solid,ncalLSerious poisoning can happen in many ways. The most common type of poisoningDis by swallowing, or ingestion, of a harmful substance. A victim mayoisoningHswallow, inhale, or both, harmful substances such as gasoline, kerosene,ning+glues, paint, turpentine or lighter fluids.s such as gasoline, kerosene,ningglues, paint, turpentine or lighter fluids.s such as gasoline, kerosene,ningJOther possible harmful substances include pesticides, insecticides, strongngJdetergents, weed killers, bleaches, ammonia, aspirin and other medication.ngdetergents, weed killers, bleaches, ammonia, aspirin and other medication.ng+ Ingested Poisons, aspirin and other medication.ngDThe signs and symptoms of swallowing harmful substances vary greatlyation.ngIaccording to the type of poison, how long it has swallowed and the amount.ng0swallowed in relation to the size of the victim. swallowed and the amount.ngswallowed in relation to the size of the victim. swallowed and the amount.ng* Food Poisoningictim. swallowed and the amount.ngGDetermining if is sick from food poisoning or another type of poison isnt.ngIsometimes very difficult. There may be unexplained sudden, severe illness.ng:along with anusea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea or vomiting. severe illness.ngalong with anusea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea or vomiting. severe illness.ng+ Corrosive Agentsea or vomiting. severe illness.ngDStrong acids and compounds with acidlike action rapidly produce deeplness.ngHchemical burns of the mouth, lips and digestive passages when swallowed.s.ngFThese strone acid types include sulfuric acid, ammonia, bleaches, rustd.s.ng/removers, iodine, toilet bowl cleaners and lye.ammonia, bleaches, rustd.s.ngremovers, iodine, toilet bowl cleaners and lye.ammonia, bleaches, rustd.s.ng- Petroleum Productse.ammonia, bleaches, rustd.s.ngHSevere chemical pneumonia and other toxic effects are caused by productss.ngHsuch as gasoline, kerosene and other related petroleum products. You cans.ng4identify these products by their characeristic odor.um products. You cans.ngidentify these products by their characeristic odor.um products. You cans.ng7 Strychnine and Antihistamine Drugsproducts. You cans.ngFSeizures may develop soon after antihistamine and strychnine drugs areans.ng3swallowed but many drugs cause delayed convulsions.trychnine drugs areans.ngswallowed but many drugs cause delayed convulsions.trychnine drugs areans.ngC Barbiturate Drugs, Opium-Derived Drugs and Tranquilizersareans.ngKIf the victim is drowsy, or in a coma and has a slow pulse and is breathinggGslowly and shallow, poisoning from tranquilizers, codeine, paragoric orhinggEother opium-derived drugs or barbiturate drugs should be suspected. AorhinggEvictim's pupils will contract to pin-point size after he has taken anorhingg&overdose of morphine or similar drugs.oint size after he has taken anorhinggoverdose of morphine or similar drugs.oint size after he has taken anorhingg5 Belladonna or Atropine Poisoning he has taken anorhinggJIf the victim's pupils are widely dialated, his skin flushed, hot, and dryggGand his pulse is rapid, belladonna or atropine poisioning, which may bedryggHcaused by some nonedible plants or some medication, should be suspected.ryggcaused by some nonedible plants or some medication, should be suspected.rygg' Aspirin medication, should be suspected.ryggIIf a person has taken an overdose of aspirin they will experience ringingyggEin the ears, restlessness, dryness of the skin, rapid deep breathing,gingyggHbleeding tendescies and comma. These signs of overdose may be delayed asgygg!much as 14 hours after ingestion.ese signs of overdose may be delayed asgyggmuch as 14 hours after ingestion.ese signs of overdose may be delayed asgygg, Poisonous Plantsf overdose may be delayed asgyggHPoisonous plants very rarely cause death but they may present a constantgyggJhazard to small children. Some familiar plants may contain extremely toxicggLsubstances. These include the mountain laurel, some wild cherries, oleander,nightshade and rhododendron.e mountain laurel, some wild cherries, oleander,nightshade and rhododendron.e mountain laurel, some wild cherries, oleander,JMushrooms are one potential source of possible poisoning in adults as wellr,Jas children. Until you can identify between the edible and nonedible typesr,*of mushrooms, you should leave them alone.n the edible and nonedible typesr,of mushrooms, you should leave them alone.n the edible and nonedible typesr,KMany plants serve as the source for common medicines but they are poisonous,Bin their natural state because of the high concentration of activepoisonous, ingredients.ural state because of the high concentration of activepoisonous,ingredients.ural state because of the high concentration of activepoisonous,0 First Aid for Poisoningntration of activepoisonous,JUnless the victim is unconcious or having convulsions, you must dilute ands,Ineutralize the poison as quickly as possible. You should induce vomiting,ds,Jpreserve all vital functions, maintain respiration and get medical help ass,quickly as possible.unctions, maintain respiration and get medical help ass,quickly as possible.unctions, maintain respiration and get medical help ass,HIf help is available, one should begin first aid immediately and anotherass,Fshould telephone a poison control center, hospital emergency room or aerass,Iphysician and get advice from them. He should also call for an ambulance.ss,JIf there are signs of suicide or homicide, then the police must be called.s,If there are signs of suicide or homicide, then the police must be called.s,LIf help is not available, you must immediately give vital first aid, then asFquickly as possible get medical advice from a poison control center orhen asKsimilar institution regarding antidotes and any other information regardingsfurther action.tion regarding antidotes and any other information regardingsfurther action.tion regarding antidotes and any other information regardingsLThe person from the facility that you contact will probably want to know thefollowing information.cility that you contact will probably want to know thefollowing information.cility that you contact will probably want to know the. The age of the victim.lity that you contact will probably want to know the.. The name of the poison and amount swallowed.will probably want to know the2. The type of first aid being given to the victim. probably want to know the. Has the victim vomited.eing given to the victim. probably want to know theJ. Your location and how long it will take to get the victim to a doctor orhe the hospital. and how long it will take to get the victim to a doctor orhe!. Will a police escort be needed.ill take to get the victim to a doctor orhe. Will a police escort be needed.ill take to get the victim to a doctor orheKYou should save the label or the container which has the poison and send ite to the hospital with the victim. container which has the poison and send iteto the hospital with the victim. container which has the poison and send iteKIf the victim is unconcious, you must maintain open airway, give artificialeLrespiration if necessary and get him to a place where he can receive medical services as quickly as possible. him to a place where he can receive medicalservices as quickly as possible. him to a place where he can receive medicalB. Take the container of poison or a sample of vomitus if possible.ve medicalH. If the victim is unconcious do not induce vomiting and do not give anyicalC type of medication. Get him to a hospital as quickly as possible.e anyicalE. Position the victim where he will not be injured by hitting againstanyical furniture and other objects. will not be injured by hitting againstanyical;. Loosen any tight clothing at the victim's neck and waist.ng againstanyical . Do not give anything to drink.he victim's neck and waist.ng againstanyicalH. After the convulsion has subsided, turn the victim on his side or faceicalF down and head turned to one side so mucus will drain from his mouth.ceical down and head turned to one side so mucus will drain from his mouth.ceicalGIf the victim has swallowed a noncorrosive poison such as roach poison,eicalCaspirin, ant paste or snail bait then you should take the followingson,eical measures.ant paste or snail bait then you should take the followingson,eicalmeasures.ant paste or snail bait then you should take the followingson,eicalH. Dilute the poison by having the victim drink 3 or 4 glasses of milk orical2 water if an adult and 1 or 2 glasses if a child.r 4 glasses of milk oricalI. You should induce vomiting by inserting the blunt end of a spoon or youcal$ finger into the back of his mouth.rting the blunt end of a spoon or youcalL. If you are not successful at getting the victim to vomit within 5 minutes,I you must get him to a doctor or hospital without any delay. Do not waites,? for an ambulance if you can get him to a doctor more quickly.o not waites,K. If you are able to induce vomiting, hold the victim's head lower than his,L hips to prevent him form sucking the vomitus into his lungs. Save a sample* of the vomitus and the poison container.itus into his lungs. Save a sampleK. Check the label of the poison container and if it is a commercial producteK and the listed antidote is available, administer the specific antidote ase described on the label. is available, administer the specific antidote aseG. If the poison is not a commercial product, have someone call a poisone ase/ control center or hospital and obtain advice.ve someone call a poisone aseC. If either is available give 5 or 6 heaping teaspoons of activatedisone aseG medicinal charcoal or a product called "the universal antidote". Thise aseH antidote will absorb the poison and it is not harmful but it should be ase7 removed for the victim's stomach within a short time. but it should be aseK. If it is not possible to get medical attention promptly you should inducee vomiting after 15 minutes.et medical attention promptly you should inducee.. Do not substitute burned toast for charcoal.on promptly you should induceeL. If the victim has taken paregoric, tranquilizers, barbiturates, alcohol orK opium-derived drugs, you may give him coffee or strong tea as a stimulantr if he is concious.s, you may give him coffee or strong tea as a stimulantr if he is concious.s, you may give him coffee or strong tea as a stimulantrLIf the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison such as strong acid or alkali,then you should take the following measures.on such as strong acid or alkalithen you should take the following measures.on such as strong acid or alkali. DO NOT induce vomiting!following measures.on such as strong acid or alkaliK. If the victim is concious, you should give him 2 glasses of milk or wateri% if an adult and 1 glass if a child.ld give him 2 glasses of milk or wateri<. You should then give an egg white in water or cooking oil.f milk or wateriL. If drain cleaner, dishwasher detergent, lye, ammonia, bleach or any strongH alkali has been swallowed then you may give water and vinegar or lemonrong; juice after the victim has been given the initial fluids.egar or lemonrongI. If the victim is transported by you then you should treat him for shockongJ and keep him from becoming chilled. You must always keep his airway openng and handle him gently.ming chilled. You must always keep his airway openng and handle him gently.ming chilled. You must always keep his airway openngFIf the victim has swallowed turpentine or a petroleum product then youopenng#should take the following measures.ine or a petroleum product then youopenngshould take the following measures.ine or a petroleum product then youopenng. DO NOT induce vomiting! measures.ine or a petroleum product then youopenngD. If mineral oil is available give the victim 4 ounces. If it is notouopenngL available then give 2 glasses of milk or water if an adult and 1 glass for a child.e then give 2 glasses of milk or water if an adult and 1 glass forI. If the victim is transported by you then you should treat him for shockforJ and keep him from becoming chilled. You must always keep his airway openor and handle him gently.ming chilled. You must always keep his airway openor and handle him gently.ming chilled. You must always keep his airway openor) INHALED POISONS must always keep his airway openorIPoison gases account for a great number of deaths each year. These poisonnorFgases include carbon monoxide, carbon deoxide (from wells, sewers, andsonnorKindustrial uses), refrigration gases, like ammonia and sulfur dioxide, usedrFin commercial ice making and refrigeration plants, chlorine, solvents, usedr?ether, nitrous oxide, nerve gas, tear gas, vomiting gases, etc.lvents, usedrether, nitrous oxide, nerve gas, tear gas, vomiting gases, etc.lvents, usedrDCarbon monoxide if formed from incomplete combustion in fuels and iss, usedrJprobably the most common poisonous gas. It is very dangerous because it isdrHcompletely odorless and a victim may be suffocated with no warning signsisdr3other than slight dizziness, weakness and headache.with no warning signsisdrother than slight dizziness, weakness and headache.with no warning signsisdrHDeath may occur in a few minutes. The lips and skin of a carbon monoxideisdr)poisoning victim is usually a cherry red.s and skin of a carbon monoxideisdrpoisoning victim is usually a cherry red.s and skin of a carbon monoxideisdrK. If it is possible, remove the victim from the source of the poisoning. Ifr* not possible then call the rescue squad.m the source of the poisoning. IfrL. If attempting to remove a victim from a closed room or garage, take a deepG breath and hold it before entering and pull the victm outside or to a deep! place where there is fresh air.ing and pull the victm outside or to a deepJ. You should make sure the victim's airway is clear, loosen tight clothingepJ and give mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration if the victim has stoppedep breathing.outh-to-mouth artificial respiration if the victim has stoppedepL. You should summon assistance and have oxygen brought to the scene. Get the. victim to a hospital as rapidly as possible. brought to the scene. Get theG. If it is warranted, you should treat the victim for chemical burns ort theK contact posions by removing contaminated clothing and washing the exposede areas of the skin. removing contaminated clothing and washing the exposede areas of the skin. removing contaminated clothing and washing the exposede+ CONTACT POISONSclothing and washing the exposedeFChemical skin burns from corrosive poisons and harsh chemicals requireposedeimmediate first aid treatment.sive poisons and harsh chemicals requireposedeimmediate first aid treatment.sive poisons and harsh chemicals requireposede#. Summons an ambulance immediately.poisons and harsh chemicals requireposedeG. Remove all contaminated clothing and immediately drench and flush theosedeG affected skin with water or other liquids as the clothing is removed.osedeK. Wash all contaminated skin with soap and water for at least five minutes.eE. Do not leave the victim alone and you must keep his airway open. Ifnutes.e3 necessary give the victim artificial respiration.is airway open. Ifnutes.eI. If the victim is not having convulsions and is not unconcious, give hims.e, plenty of water or other liquids to drink.d is not unconcious, give hims.eA. Save the poison container or label and a sample of the vomitus.give hims.e. Save the poison container or label and a sample of the vomitus.give hims.eGIf the poisoning is caused by contact with poison ivy or poison oak youims.e"should use the following measures.act with poison ivy or poison oak youims.eshould use the following measures.act with poison ivy or poison oak youims.eI. You should remove all contaminated clothing and wash all of the exposeds.eF areas very thoroughly with soap and water and apply rubbing alcohol.seds.eD. If the rash is mild you should apply calamine lotion or some otherl.seds.e soothing skin lotion.ou should apply calamine lotion or some otherl.seds.eD. If there is a known history of sensitivity or if there is a severel.seds.eG reaction to the poison, get medical attention as quickly as possible.eds.e/ POISONING BY MARINE LIFE as quickly as possible.eds.eCShellfish poisoning is related to bacterial contamination, allergicble.eds.eBreactions, and a paralytic type of poisoning. This is due to clamscble.eds.eAand muscles ingesting poisonous microscopic marine animals calledscble.eds.edinoflagellates.sting poisonous microscopic marine animals calledscble.eds.edinoflagellates.sting poisonous microscopic marine animals calledscble.eds.eKSome of the signs of paralytic poisoning is numbness of the face and mouth,eGintense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, muscular paralysis, increaseduth,esalivation and weakness.ty in swallowing, muscular paralysis, increaseduth,esalivation and weakness.ty in swallowing, muscular paralysis, increaseduth,eH. Dilute the poison by having the victim drink 3 or 4 glasses of milk orth,e2 water if an adult and 1 or 2 glasses if a child.r 4 glasses of milk orth,eJ. You should induce vomiting by inserting the blunt end of a spoon or your,e$ finger into the back of his mouth.rting the blunt end of a spoon or your,eL. If you are not successful at getting the victim to vomit within 5 minutes,I you must get him to a doctor or hospital without any delay. Do not waites,? for an ambulance if you can get him to a doctor more quickly.o not waites,K. If you are able to induce vomiting, hold the victim's head lower than his,> hips to prevent him form sucking the vomitus into his lungs.ower than his,J. Have someone call a poison control center or hospital and obtain advice.s,C. If either is available give 5 or 6 heaping teaspoons of activatedadvice.s,G medicinal charcoal or a product called "the universal antidote". Thisce.s,H antidote will absorb the poison and it is not harmful but it should bee.s,7 removed for the victim's stomach within a short time. but it should bee.s,K. If it is not possible to get medical attention promptly you should induce, vomiting after 15 minutes.et medical attention promptly you should induce,.. Do not substitute burned toast for charcoal.on promptly you should induce,. Do not substitute burned toast for charcoal.on promptly you should induce,' Stingsarcoal.on promptly you should induce,JPortuguese man-of-war and Jellyfish discharge venom, upon contact, throughe,Lstinging cells on their tentacles. This venom produces burning type pain and(a rash with minute bleeding in the skin.venom produces burning type pain anda rash with minute bleeding in the skin.venom produces burning type pain andJShock, nausea and vomiting, muscular cramps, and difficulty with breathingnd(can also occur as a result of the venom.mps, and difficulty with breathingndcan also occur as a result of the venom.mps, and difficulty with breathingndJ. If tentacles cling to the skin, they should be removed with a towel. ThendK affected area should be washed thoroughly with diluted ammonia or rubbingd alcohol. area should be washed thoroughly with diluted ammonia or rubbingd7. Aspirin or similar medicine should be given for pain.d ammonia or rubbingd?. You should seek medical attention if the symptoms are severe.a or rubbingd. You should seek medical attention if the symptoms are severe.a or rubbingd+ Stinging Coralsymptoms are severe.a or rubbingdGThe venom from Stinging Coral (Fire Coral) is injected through stingingbingdIcells, and produce many sharp cuts which are contaminated by particles ofngdbroken-off calcareous material.uts which are contaminated by particles ofngdbroken-off calcareous material.uts which are contaminated by particles ofngd-. You should clean the sharp cuts thoroughly.contaminated by particles ofngd". Obtain prompt medical attention.thoroughly.contaminated by particles ofngd. Obtain prompt medical attention.thoroughly.contaminated by particles ofngd( Cone Shellghly.contaminated by particles ofngdHThe Cone Shell may inject venom from its complicated apparatus through afngdGpuncture wound. The venom from the cone shell is very dangerous. It mayafngdIcause numbness around the mouth and nose and paralysis. Death could occurngdfrom heart failure.nd the mouth and nose and paralysis. Death could occurngdfrom heart failure.nd the mouth and nose and paralysis. Death could occurngdK. Heat may help to inactivate the venom so you should immediately use a hotdE compress or soak the affected area in hot water for thirty minutes. a hotdJ. Apply a constricting band from 2 to 4 inches above the puncture, betweentdL the puncture and the heart to decrease the flow of blood from the affectedL area. The band should be snug but is should be loose enough to allow blood! to flow into the affected limb.ut is should be loose enough to allow blood?. If the symptoms are severe you should seek medical attention.o allow blood. If the symptoms are severe you should seek medical attention.o allow blood' Bloodworms seek medical attention.o allow blood/The bite of a bloodworm is a very painful bite.dical attention.o allow bloodThe bite of a bloodworm is a very painful bite.dical attention.o allow bloodK. Heat may help to inactivate the venom so you should immediately use a hotdE compress or soak the affected area in hot water for thirty minutes. a hotdJ. Apply a constricting band from 2 to 4 inches above the bite, between thetdJ bite and the heart to decrease the flow of blood from the affected area.tdI The band should be snug but is should be loose enough to allow blood to.td flow into the affected limb.is should be loose enough to allow blood to.td?. If the symptoms are severe you should seek medical attention.w blood to.td. If the symptoms are severe you should seek medical attention.w blood to.td* Bristlewormsek medical attention.w blood to.tdILocal inflamation and numbness are the result of the stinging bristles of.tdthe Bristleworm.n and numbness are the result of the stinging bristles of.tdthe Bristleworm.n and numbness are the result of the stinging bristles of.td4. You should remove the bristles with adhesive tape. stinging bristles of.tdJ. After the bristles are removed, apply alcohol or ammonia to the affectedtd area. the bristles are removed, apply alcohol or ammonia to the affectedtd area. the bristles are removed, apply alcohol or ammonia to the affectedtd( Sea Urchinsalcohol or ammonia to the affectedtdHSea Urchins have sharp spines and many venom organs called pedicellariaeedtd(that contain a very potent nerve poison.enom organs called pedicellariaeedtdthat contain a very potent nerve poison.enom organs called pedicellariaeedtdK. Heat may help to inactivate the venom so you should immediately use a hotdE compress or soak the affected area in hot water for thirty minutes. a hotdK. Apply a constricting band from 2 to 4 inches above the wound, between thedK wound and the heart to decrease the flow of blood from the affected area.dI The band should be snug but is should be loose enough to allow blood toa.d flow into the affected limb.is should be loose enough to allow blood toa.d?. If the symptoms are severe you should seek medical attention.w blood toa.dI. You should also get medical assistance in removing the fragments of thea.d spines.uld also get medical assistance in removing the fragments of thea.d spines.uld also get medical assistance in removing the fragments of thea.d( Stingrays in removing the fragments of thea.dHStingrays may cause punctures or lacerations. Glandular tissue that is aea.dHpart of the caudal spine contain the toxic venom that may be injected byea.dGthe stingray. This injection of venom may cause shock, vomiting, muscleyea.dGparalysis and diarrhea. Death has been reported as being caused by thisyea.dvenom.sis and diarrhea. Death has been reported as being caused by thisyea.dvenom.sis and diarrhea. Death has been reported as being caused by thisyea.d*. You should soak the wounds in hot water.orted as being caused by thisyea.d;. You must control the bleeding and apply a clean dressing.used by thisyea.dC. You should get medical services to clean the wound and remove anythisyea.d fragments of the spine.services to clean the wound and remove anythisyea.d- POISONING BY INSECTSe wound and remove anythisyea.dHDeath is ocassionally caused by stings from wasps, hornets, bees, yellowea.dFjackets and ants. Acute allergic reactions or reduced tolerance in theowea.dDvictim to insect proteins us usually the cause of the deaths and notheowea.dInecessarily the venom, except possibly in the case of many stings of somea.dants.sarily the venom, except possibly in the case of many stings of somea.dants.sarily the venom, except possibly in the case of many stings of somea.dCLocal pain and irritation may be the result of bites or stings fromf somea.dKmosquitoes, fleas, gnats, lice, chiggers and other common types of insects.dHThese bites and stings are not very likely to cause any severe reaction.ts.dThese bites and stings are not very likely to cause any severe reaction.ts.dGTicks may transmit germs of several diseases, one of which is the Rocky.ts.dMountain spotted fever.s of several diseases, one of which is the Rocky.ts.dMountain spotted fever.s of several diseases, one of which is the Rocky.ts.dJBites from the black widow spider injects a nerve toxin that causes severe.dGpain, difficulty in breathing, sweating, severe cramps of the abdominalere.dDmuscles and nausea. Death could occur although most victims recover.nalere.dmuscles and nausea. Death could occur although most victims recover.nalere.dFThe tarantula bite can be fatal. The bite from the tarantula may causelere.dsevere local wounds.an be fatal. The bite from the tarantula may causelere.dsevere local wounds.an be fatal. The bite from the tarantula may causelere.dJVenom is injected through a stinger in the tail of the scorpion. The sting.dHmay cause extreme local pain and if stung by the more dangerous species,ng.dImarked effects may be seen in 1 to 2 hours. There may be vomiting, shock,g.d9convulsions, abdominal pain, nuasea, and possibly a coma.vomiting, shock,g.dconvulsions, abdominal pain, nuasea, and possibly a coma.vomiting, shock,g.d.First aid for tick bites should be as follows.bly a coma.vomiting, shock,g.dFirst aid for tick bites should be as follows.bly a coma.vomiting, shock,g.d8. Do not remove them by using tweezers or applying heat..vomiting, shock,g.dL. Cover them with heavy oil such as mineral, machine or salad oil because itJ will close off the ticks breathing pores and it may release immediately.itL. If the tick does not release immediately, allow the oil to remain coveringL it for half an hour. You may then carefully remove the tick with tweezers.8. Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water. tick with tweezers.. Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water. tick with tweezers.:First aid for minor bytes and stings should be as follows.ick with tweezers.First aid for minor bytes and stings should be as follows.ick with tweezers.A. Apply cold applications and calamine or other soothing lotions.h tweezers.. Apply cold applications and calamine or other soothing lotions.h tweezers.4First aid for severe reactions should be as follows.hing lotions.h tweezers.First aid for severe reactions should be as follows.hing lotions.h tweezers.9. You should administer artificial respiration if needed.lotions.h tweezers.G. Apply a constricting band from 2 to 4 inches above the bite or sting,zers.G between the bite or sting and the heart to decrease the flow of bloodzers.H from the affected area. The band should be snug but is should be looseers.I enough to allow blood to flow into the affected limb. Keep the affectedrs. part below the heart level.ow into the affected limb. Keep the affectedrs.G. You should apply an ice bag or cold cloths on the sting or bite area.edrs.6. You may give aspirin or similar medication for pain.ing or bite area.edrs.F. If this is a bee sting, you should remove the stinger and venom sac..edrs.F. If the victim has alergic reactions to insect bites, take him to get.edrs.J medical services. Do not wait until symptoms appear. Delay may be fatal.s.1 POISONING BY VENOMOUS SNAKESpear. Delay may be fatal.s.IRattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouth moccasins and coral snakes are the.s.)four kinds of posionous snakes in the US.ccasins and coral snakes are the.s.four kinds of posionous snakes in the US.ccasins and coral snakes are the.s.IRattlesnakes, copperheads, and moccasins are called pit vipers because of.s.Jthe pit between the eye and the nostril on each side of its head. The eyess.Hof these snakes are oval shapped and they have two well developed fangs.ess.of these snakes are oval shapped and they have two well developed fangs.ess.FThe coral snake is a type of cobra. The coral snake has round eyes ands.ess.;red, yellow and black rings around its body in a pattern ofnd eyes ands.ess.Fyellow-red-yellow-black-yellow-red. The coral ALWAYS has a black nose.s.ess.yellow-red-yellow-black-yellow-red. The coral ALWAYS has a black nose.s.ess.IThe severity of the local and general reactions to a posionous snake bitess.*is influenced by the following conditions.tions to a posionous snake bitess.is influenced by the following conditions.tions to a posionous snake bitess.I. The amount of venom that is injected is dependent on a number of thingsss.' including the size and kind of snake.is dependent on a number of thingsss.H. The size of the victim. Reaction will be greater in a child than in ansss. adult.ze of the victim. Reaction will be greater in a child than in ansss.J. The amount of protection afforded by clothing inluding shoes and gloves.s.F. The speed at which the venom is absorbed into the circulation systemves.s.8 unless it happens to be injected directly into a vein.ulation systemves.s.J. The amount of time that passes before the victim receives the antiveinins. therapy.nt of time that passes before the victim receives the antiveinins.-. The location of the snake bite on the body.ictim receives the antiveinins.. The location of the snake bite on the body.ictim receives the antiveinins.+ Signs and symptomsy.ictim receives the antiveinins.FIf only a small amount of swelling is evident within 30 minutes, it isinins.?almost a certainty that the bite was from a nonpoisonous snake., it isinins.almost a certainty that the bite was from a nonpoisonous snake., it isinins.EThe pit viper deposits its venom beneath the skin through one or moresinins.Lpuncture wounds. There will be rapid swelling of the puncture area. The bite?of the snake will be extremely painful. There will be a generalrea. The biteKdiscoloration of the skin. The victim will become weak, have a rapid pulse,eLshortness of breath, dimness of vision, nausea and shock. All of these signs4may come on gradually over a period of 1 to 2 hours.hock. All of these signsmay come on gradually over a period of 1 to 2 hours.hock. All of these signsKThe coral snakes bite does not usually cause extreme pain but there will besLa slight burning pain and a little swelling at the puncture. The nerve toxinKof the coral snake causes blurred vision, slurred speech, drooping eyelids,nDdrowsiness, and increased salivation and sweating. Shock, paralysis,yelids,nHconvulsions, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in breathing and a coma mayds,ndevelop.ons, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in breathing and a coma mayds,ndevelop.ons, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in breathing and a coma mayds,nHAlmost all reactions from a snake bite are enhanced by fear and anxiety.ds,nAlmost all reactions from a snake bite are enhanced by fear and anxiety.ds,nCFIRST AID for posionous snake bites includes the reduction of bloodiety.ds,nLcirculating through the bite area, to make sure respiration is sustained and'protect the bite area from aggravation.ake sure respiration is sustained andprotect the bite area from aggravation.ake sure respiration is sustained andLThe victim should be taken to medical facilities as quickly as possible. YouIshould not let the victim walk or move the part of the body that receivedYouJthe bite. The victim should be kept as calm as he can be in the situation.outhe bite. The victim should be kept as calm as he can be in the situation.ouL. Make sure the body part that sustained the bite is kept below the level of the heart and immobilized.at sustained the bite is kept below the level ofJ. Apply a constricting band from 2 to 4 inches above the bite, between theofJ bite and the heart to decrease the flow of blood from the affected area.ofI The band should be snug but is should be loose enough to allow blood to.ofL flow into the affected limb. Keep the affected part below the heart level.I. If you have a snakebite kit available, use the blade to cut through theel.G skin at the location of each fang mark and over the area of the venomheel.F deposit point. The deposit point will usually be below the fang markmheel.% because the snake strikes downward.ll usually be below the fang markmheel. because the snake strikes downward.ll usually be below the fang markmheel.LBe careful to cut only through the skin and in the long axis of the arm. UseFspecial care when cutting the hand, wrist or foot because the muscles,m. UseInerves and tendons are near the surface and they could be severed. Do notUse"cut any longer than one half inch.rface and they could be severed. Do notUsecut any longer than one half inch.rface and they could be severed. Do notUseK. Place the suction cup from the snakebite kit over the cut and suction oute the venom.suction cup from the snakebite kit over the cut and suction oute the venom.suction cup from the snakebite kit over the cut and suction outeEIf you do not have a snakebit kit, you will have to use your mouth toon outeJsuction out the venom. Snakebite venom is not poisonous in the stomach butteGstill it should not be swallowed and you should rinse it from you mouthbuttewhen time permits.t be swallowed and you should rinse it from you mouthbuttewhen time permits.t be swallowed and you should rinse it from you mouthbutte;Continue the suction of the bite area for 30 to 60 minutes.om you mouthbutteContinue the suction of the bite area for 30 to 60 minutes.om you mouthbutteGIf swelling of the area extends above the constricting band, then applybutteGanother band a few inches above the first band. Leave the first band inbutteplace. Do not remove it.s above the first band. Leave the first band inbutteplace. Do not remove it.s above the first band. Leave the first band inbutteL. Clean the wound area thoroughly by washing with soap and water and blot it dry. Do not rub it dry.oroughly by washing with soap and water and blot itI. You should apply a sterile or clean dressing over the wound and place a it bandage to hold it in place.r clean dressing over the wound and place a itI. If available, you may place ice wrapped in a cloth or a cold, wet cloth itJ over the wound area. This will help slow the absorption. DO NOT pack theit wound in ice.d area. This will help slow the absorption. DO NOT pack theitL. Do not give the victim alcohol of any description because it will increase the rate of absorption.alcohol of any description because it will increaseJ. You should treat the victim for shock. The victim may have sips of fluidse9 (other than alcohol) if he is concious and can swallow.ave sips of fluidseG. You should always be prepared to administer artificial respiration ifuidseH breathing difficulty develops. This is especially true if the bite wasidse from a coral snake.y develops. This is especially true if the bite wasidseC. A physician should be consulted even if the snake bite was from ae wasidse nonposionous snake.be consulted even if the snake bite was from ae wasidseG. If the victim is by himself and must walk to seek aid, he should movesidse slowly.victim is by himself and must walk to seek aid, he should movesidse slowly.victim is by himself and must walk to seek aid, he should movesidseJSeek medical services as rapidly ad possible. You should call ahead so these&hospital can have antivenin available.ssible. You should call ahead so thesehospital can have antivenin available.ssible. You should call ahead so theseFDeath most often occurs within 2 or 3 days after the injury and rarely theseoccurs immediately.curs within 2 or 3 days after the injury and rarely these. Radiation Exposureer the injury and rarely theseDThere is very little hazard to anyone giving first aid treatment forly theseHexternal or internal radiation. External radiation is where a person hasheseKbeen exposed to radioactive substances. Internal ratiation may be where thee6victim has inhaled or ingested radioactive substances.tion may be where theevictim has inhaled or ingested radioactive substances.tion may be where theeG. If treating someone for external radiation you should wear gloves and thee$ other clothing that is disposable.adiation you should wear gloves and theeC. You should wrap the victim in blankets and care for his injuries. and theeH. You must get the victim to the appropriate decontamination facilities.thee. You must get the victim to the appropriate decontamination facilities.theeKIf the victim is injured or not, you should get him to a center for care ofeKradiation accidents. The facility should be notified that a person that hase/been exposed to radiation is being taken there.ified that a person that hase4 Emergency Rescue and Transfer that a person that haseCThis section deals with the necessary movement of victims away fromthat haseJhazardous locations. It also deals with the methods to protect and supportse/the victim's body during an emergency transfer.hods to protect and supportsethe victim's body during an emergency transfer.hods to protect and supportse>Since more harm than good could be done by improper rescue and and supportseItransportation, the following procedures should be attemped only if theretseJare no professional ambulance or rescue personnel and equipment available.seare no professional ambulance or rescue personnel and equipment available.seLIf there is no immediate danger to the life of the victim, like those listedEbelow, he should not be moved until life-threatening problems such as listedHobstruction in the victim's airway and hemorrhage are taken care of, thested.wounds are dressed and fractures are splinted.age are taken care of, thestedwounds are dressed and fractures are splinted.age are taken care of, thestedKEmergency rescue is the procedure of moving a victim to safety from a placedLof immediate danger such as fire, explosion, danger of fire, serious trafficKhazzard, risk of drowning, from collapsing walls or buildings, being pinnedcJby machinery, electrical injury or potential injury and danger of asphyxiadcdue to lack of oxygen.al injury or potential injury and danger of asphyxiadcdue to lack of oxygen.al injury or potential injury and danger of asphyxiadcFIf it is absolutely necessary to move a victim from a life-threateningyxiadcKsituation, the main objective to be considered are to make sure there is ancLopen airway, give artificial respiration if needed, control severe bleeding,Hcheck for injuries, immobilize injured parts before removing the victim,ing,Garrange transportation and to avoid disturbing the victim any more than,ing, necessary.ansportation and to avoid disturbing the victim any more than,ing,necessary.ansportation and to avoid disturbing the victim any more than,ing,LIf a victim must be moved and you will have inexperienced help in the movingAprocedure, they need guidance. Since it will be difficult for the the movingEinexperienced help to move a victim gently, they should pratice on an movingDuninjured person before moving the injured victim, if there is time.n movinguninjured person before moving the injured victim, if there is time.n moving7 Immediate rescue without assistancehere is time.n movingKIf a victim must be dragged or pulled to safety, he should be pulled in thegLdirection of the long axis of the body, not sideways . It is preferable thatGhe be pulled from the shoulders instead of from the feet. You must make thatHevery effort to avoid bending or twisting the victim's neck or trunk. DothatKnot attempt to lift or carry an injured person before checking for injuriestHunless you are absolutely sure that there is no major injury of the neckiest or spine.u are absolutely sure that there is no major injury of the neckiestor spine.u are absolutely sure that there is no major injury of the neckiest- Lifting the victimno major injury of the neckiestLA child or lightweight adult that has no skeletal injuries or serious woundsIcan usually be carried by one person. You should place one hand under thendsKvictim's upper back area and the other under the knees before attempting tos lift him.upper back area and the other under the knees before attempting toslift him.upper back area and the other under the knees before attempting tos/ Supporting the Victime knees before attempting tosJIf a victim is concious, has not had a heart attack, skeletal injuries, orosJserious wounds, you may let him walk with your assistance. You should helposKthe victim to his feet and place one of his arms around your neck. With onesKof your hands, hold the victim's hand at your chest, or shoulder, level andsAplace your other arm around his waist for his additional support. level andsplace your other arm around his waist for his additional support. level ands6 Immediate rescue with assistanceal support. level andsGSometimes it is necessary to immediately move a victim a short distance andsHbecause of the hazards involved. You may not have time to immobolize theandsLaffected part. The victim should be lifted by several persons, if available.EYou should devote yourself to the area of greatest injury and preventilable.Htwisting and bending of injured parts. You may do this by placing one ofble.Gyour hands just above and on top of the injury and your other hand justfble.+under the injury as others lift the victim.ury and your other hand justfble.under the injury as others lift the victim.ury and your other hand justfble.* Chair Carry.ury and your other hand justfble.KThe chair carry is a convenient method of moving a victim if two people are.Kavailable. Seat the victim on a strong chair and one should grasp the chair.Jby the back and the other should grasp the chair by the legs and lift. Ther.Hperson with the back of the chair should remain steady and just hold theher.Lweight. This is a convenient method of going through narrow corridors and upJand down stairs. You should not use this method for a victim of neck, backupor leg injuries. You should not use this method for a victim of neck, backup0 Artificial Respirationfor a victim of neck, backupKRESPIRATORY EMERGENCY is one where the oxygen intake is reduced because thep5the normal breathing is drastically reduced or stops.is reduced because thepthe normal breathing is drastically reduced or stops.is reduced because thepKARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION is a procedure that is used to cause the air to flowpJinto and out of the lungs of a victim with a respiratory emergency. One ofwpHthe most common causes of respiratory emergencies is the tongue droppingofwpIback and obstructing the throat. Another common cause is the narrowing offwp8the upper air passages caused by the swelling of tissue. the narrowing offwpthe upper air passages caused by the swelling of tissue. the narrowing offwp/ Anatomic Obstructionf tissue. the narrowing offwpHAcute asthma, swelling from facial burns, diptheria, swallowing corosiveffwpFposions, a blow from the hand or blunt instrument, croup can all causeveffwpconstriction of air passages. or blunt instrument, croup can all causeveffwpconstriction of air passages. or blunt instrument, croup can all causeveffwp1 Mechanical Obstruction, croup can all causeveffwpLA partial or complete blockage of the air passage by a foreign object lodgedLin the pharynx or in any part of the airway, accumulation of fluids, such asHblood or saliva, in the back of the throat are the most common causes ofh asmechanical obstructions.back of the throat are the most common causes ofh asmechanical obstructions.back of the throat are the most common causes ofh asIMANY DEATHS occur each year from suffocation that is caused by liquids or asJsolid objects (including food) being caught in the larynx or esophagus andasobstruct the breathing process.being caught in the larynx or esophagus andasobstruct the breathing process.being caught in the larynx or esophagus andasJSudden death can be caused by the blocking of air passages directly or theas.pressure of a foreign object in the esophagus.air passages directly or theaspressure of a foreign object in the esophagus.air passages directly or theasL. You may remove a foreign object that is accessible to your fingers but youI must use extreme care that you do not force the object more deeply intoyou the throat.treme care that you do not force the object more deeply intoyou the throat.treme care that you do not force the object more deeply intoyouCThe inability to speak is a sure sign that the larynx is obstructedy intoyouCwhen a person is choking and having difficulty breathing. This is ay intoyoulife-threatening emergency.d having difficulty breathing. This is ay intoyoulife-threatening emergency.d having difficulty breathing. This is ay intoyouGBreathing air that has been depleted of oxygen or which contains carbontoyouJmonoxide or other toxic gases can cause suffocation. The natural oxidationouHprocess may slowly remove the oxygen from places in which the air is notonouBchanged through ventilation. Some examples of such places are: oldis notonou=refrigerators, plastic bags, wells, sewers, mines, and silos.: oldis notonourefrigerators, plastic bags, wells, sewers, mines, and silos.: oldis notonouLElectrocution, drowning, shock, heart disease, strangulation, compression ofIthe chest and poisoning by certain drugs such as codeine, opium, alcohol, ofJmorphine and other narcotics are some other causes of breathing difficultyof or stoppage. other narcotics are some other causes of breathing difficultyofor stoppage. other narcotics are some other causes of breathing difficultyofHRegardless of the reason for breathing being stopped, the victim's libs,tyofKtongue and fingernail beds will become blue, the pupils become dilated, andfthere is loss of conciousness.l become blue, the pupils become dilated, andfthere is loss of conciousness.l become blue, the pupils become dilated, andfFARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION is the first aid process that may be needed for, andfDpoisoning by carbon monoxide, an overdose of drugs, paralysis of theor, andf$breathing muscles or electric shock.rdose of drugs, paralysis of theor, andfbreathing muscles or electric shock.rdose of drugs, paralysis of theor, andfJArtificial respiration is used to maintain an open airway through the nosedfIand mouth and to restore respiration by alternating in the increasing andedf&decreasing the expansion of the chest.y alternating in the increasing andedfdecreasing the expansion of the chest.y alternating in the increasing andedfIArtificial respiration does not help if the heart has stopped beating. IfedfGthere is ANY doubt as to where the heart has stopped or not, you shouldIfedfattempt artificial respiration.the heart has stopped or not, you shouldIfedfattempt artificial respiration.the heart has stopped or not, you shouldIfedfL(If the heart has stopped beating, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation shouldDbe administered. Since CPR requires spealized training, it should ben should%attempted only by trained personnel.)pealized training, it should ben shouldattempted only by trained personnel.)pealized training, it should ben shouldKRegardless of the reason that caused a person of any age to stop breathing,dKthe most practical method for emergency venelation is the mouth-to-mouth ordAmouth-to-nose technique if no specialized equipment is available.o-mouth ordmouth-to-nose technique if no specialized equipment is available.o-mouth ordLIt has been proven by extensive studies that the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-Jnose resuscitation method is far superior to any of the manual methods. Ito-Iprovides more venelation because of direct pressure to inflate the lungs.to-provides more venelation because of direct pressure to inflate the lungs.to-/ Mouth-To-Mouth Methodsure to inflate the lungs.to-. Place the victim on his back.-To-Mouth Methodsure to inflate the lungs.to-K. If there is foreign matter visible in the victim's mouth, quickly wipe it-F out with your fingers (use a cloth wrapped around them if possible).pe it-J. Place one your hands under the neck of the victim and lift up while yourt-K other hand is placed on his forehead and tilts the head backward. Do this-- until the victim's chin is pointing upward.lts the head backward. Do this-J. If the head is not tilted, the air passage may be blocked by the tongue.s-J The tilting should provide an open air passage by moving the tongue aways- from the back of the throat.n open air passage by moving the tongue aways-L. Maintain the victim's backward head-tilted position and pinch the nostrilsF shut with your thumb and index finger of your hand that pressing hisstrils2 forehead in order to prevent the leakage of air.nd that pressing hisstrilsG. Open your mouth widly and take a deep breath. Seal your mouth tightlytrilsH around the victim's mouth. With your mouth in a wide-open circle, blowrils into the victim's mouth.h. With your mouth in a wide-open circle, blowrilsG. Venelation should start at a high rate and then provide venelation atwrilsH least once every 5 seconds for adults. Only moderate resistance to therils> blowing effort will be felt if the victim's ariway is clear.nce to therilsG. When you see the victim's chest rise, stop blowing, raise your mouth,erilsI turn your head toward the victim's feet and listen for exhalation whileils3 watching the victim's chest to see that it falls.n for exhalation whileilsD. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whileils. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whileils/ Mouth-To-Nose Methodhalation is finished.whileils. Place the victim on his back.h-To-Nose Methodhalation is finished.whileilsK. If there is foreign matter visible in the victim's mouth, quickly wipe itsF out with your fingers (use a cloth wrapped around them if possible).pe itsJ. Place one your hands under the neck of the victim and lift up while yourtsK other hand is placed on his forehead and tilts the head backward. Do thiss- until the victim's chin is pointing upward.lts the head backward. Do thissJ. If the head is not tilted, the air passage may be blocked by the tongue.ssJ The tilting should provide an open air passage by moving the tongue awayss from the back of the throat.n open air passage by moving the tongue awayssL. Maintain the victim's backward head-tilted position and pinch the nostrilsF shut with your thumb and index finger of your hand that pressing hisstrils2 forehead in order to prevent the leakage of air.nd that pressing hisstrilsG. Open your mouth widly and take a deep breath. Seal your mouth tightlytrilsD around the victim's nose and blow into the victim's nose. Open thetlytrils@ victim's mouth on the exhalation phase to allow air to escape. thetlytrilsG. Venelation should start at a high rate and then provide venelation attrilsH least once every 5 seconds for adults. Only moderate resistance to therils> blowing effort will be felt if the victim's ariway is clear.nce to therilsG. When you see the victim's chest rise, stop blowing, raise your mouth,erilsI turn your head toward the victim's feet and listen for exhalation whileils3 watching the victim's chest to see that it falls.n for exhalation whileilsD. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whileils. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whileils8 Artificial Respiration for Childrenis finished.whileilsL. If giving mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose respiration to small children orJ infants, you should not make the head tilt back as much as for adults oror large children.ould not make the head tilt back as much as for adults ororG. Open your mouth widly and take a deep breath. Seal your mouth tightly ororG around the small child's or infant's mouth and nose and blow into the ororH victim's mouth and nose every 3 seconds using less pressure and volumeoror9 than for adult. Small puffs will be enough for infants.sure and volumeororG. When you see the victim's chest rise, stop blowing, raise your mouth,eororI turn your head toward the victim's feet and listen for exhalation whileror3 watching the victim's chest to see that it falls.n for exhalation whilerorD. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whileror. Repeat the blowing cycle when the victim's exhalation is finished.whilerorGThe main objective of mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose ventelation is tolerorIobtain a rise and fall of the chest. Something is wrong if the chest doesrorLnot rise and fall. You must quickly check again for foreign matter, maintain6an open air passage then continue the blowing efforts.reign matter, maintainan open air passage then continue the blowing efforts.reign matter, maintainE. If you are not getting an exchange of air, you must check again theaintainH position of the head and jaw and see if there is foreign matter in thetain? back of the mouth that might be obstructing the air passages.er in thetainB. When the air passage is obstructed or the venelation pressure isin thetainE excessive, air may have been blown into the stomach and cause it tothetainE bulge. Although this is not dangerous it could make lung ventiationthetainF more difficult. There is also the increased possibility of vomiting.hetainJ. If the stomach is bulging, be prepared to clear the victim's mouth, turninH his head to one side, and press briefly over the upper abdomen betweenrninJ the ribs and the navel. This should force the air out of the stomack butin it also may cause vomiting.s should force the air out of the stomack butinK. If foreign matter is completely stopping the ventilation, you should turnnG the victim onto one side and with the heel of your hand, strike sharpturnnH blows between his shoulders blades and over the spine. The sharp blowsurnnK will possibly jar the materials free. A child could be turned upside downnK and given 2 or 3 sharp blows. Clear the victim's mouth and try again withn respiration.or 3 sharp blows. Clear the victim's mouth and try again withnL. Not all persons that require artificial respiration have stopped breathingJ completely. Some gasp irregulary. These gasping efforts actually help inngJ their recovery but you must continue the ventilation until the victim isng breathing normally.you must continue the ventilation until the victim isng breathing normally.you must continue the ventilation until the victim isng- Mouth-to-Stoma Methodntilation until the victim isngLThere are a large number of persons that have had their larynx completely orJpartially removed by surgery. They must breath through an opening called aorKSTOMA in the windpipe in the neck. They cannot use their mouth and nose forrKbreathing because there is no passage from the mouth and nose to the lungs.rbreathing because there is no passage from the mouth and nose to the lungs.rJIf the breathing tube in the stoma becomes clogged it will cause breathing.rIdifficulties. You may have to remove the tube by lifting it out with yourg.rJfingers. The removal of the clogged tube will open the airway and will not.rLcause any immediate danger. If the victim is concious and wants to clean andJreplace the tube himself, let him do so. If the victim is not concious andndHyou have to remove the tube then send it with him to the hospital so thendnd.medical personnel can replace it in the stoma.him to the hospital so thendndmedical personnel can replace it in the stoma.him to the hospital so thendndKThe stoma is located low in the front of the neck and you must take care todLnot accidentally block it. The sound of escaping air may lead you to believeJthat the victim has a sucking chest wound and therefore you may attempt toveGblock the stoma to seal off the wound. DO NOT block off the stoma as it tove#could cause death from suffocation.nd. DO NOT block off the stoma as it tovecould cause death from suffocation.nd. DO NOT block off the stoma as it toveC. Do not attempt to give mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose artificials it toveF respiration because it will only fill the victim's stomach with air.t toveJ. You will use the same general procedure as in mouth-to-mouth respirationveK but you will place your mouth over the stoma and blow at the same rate ase a normally breathing person.h over the stoma and blow at the same rate aseJ. This procedure is more sanitary than the mouth-to-mouth method. Air fromseJ the stoma is cleaner than air coming from the mouth. The contents of these5 victim's stomach cannot be vomited into your mouth.. The contents of theseK. You do not have to tilt the victim's head backward or worry about objectse in his mouth.ve to tilt the victim's head backward or worry about objectseL. Keep the victim's head straight and do not twist the head because it might/ change the shape or even close off the stoma.ist the head because it might change the shape or even close off the stoma.ist the head because it might5 Chest Pressure-Arm Lift Methode head because it might. Place the victim on his back.essure-Arm Lift Methode head because it mightK. If there is foreign matter visible in the victim's mouth, quickly wipe ittF out with your fingers (use a cloth wrapped around them if possible).pe ittG. You must maintain an open airway. This can usually be accomplished bye ittL placing pillows or something under the victim's shoulders so that the head will drop backward.something under the victim's shoulders so that the head0. You should turn the victim's head to one side.s shoulders so that the headI. You should kneel at the top of the victim's head, grasp his wrists, andead" cross them over his lower chest.he victim's head, grasp his wrists, andeadE. Allow the weight of you upper body to provide steady, even pressure andeadG downward on the victim's chest by rocking forward until your arms arendeadI approximately vertical. This action will cause the air to flow from theead victim's chest.ertical. This action will cause the air to flow from theeadK. When you have rocked forward and your arms are vertical, immediately rockdL backward and release the pressure as you pull outward and upwards over theI victim's head and as far backward as possible. This action should causethe& air to flow into the victim's lungs. possible. This action should causetheD. You should repeat this action about 12 times per minute. Check thecausethe" victim's mouth for obstructions.out 12 times per minute. Check thecausethe9 Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Throat. Check thecausetheGA foreign object that obstructs the respiratory passage above the levelsetheGof the larynx causes severe spasm of the muscles of the pharynx and thesetheGglottis. A foreign object is more tightly engaged and more difficult tosethe(dislodge during the period of the spasm.y engaged and more difficult tosethedislodge during the period of the spasm.y engaged and more difficult tosetheEIf the victim is coughing, choking, or otherwise trying to remove thetosetheKforeign object, do not strike him on his back or interfere with his effortse9but he should be encouraged to breathe slowly and deeply.e with his effortsebut he should be encouraged to breathe slowly and deeply.e with his effortseLIf the victim's efforts cease and he becomes oxygen deficient, simiconcious,Jor unconcious, you should roll him onto his side and deliver firm blows tos,,the victim's spine over his shoulder blades.side and deliver firm blows tos,the victim's spine over his shoulder blades.side and deliver firm blows tos,HWhen the victim becomes anoxic (oxygen deficient), it may be possible totos,Ldislodge the foreign object with your fingers or with the blows to the spine?because the muscle spasm of the pharynx and glottis will relax. to the spinebecause the muscle spasm of the pharynx and glottis will relax. to the spineBArtificial respiration should be started quickly if the victim has the spineHdifficulty in breathing. Even if the foreign object has not been removedpineGyou may be able to get enough air past the object to maintain life. ThedpineHartificial respiration may also force the foreign object deeper into thepineHairway so that it may block one lung and allow ventilation of the other.pineairway so that it may block one lung and allow ventilation of the other.pineJAS A LAST RESORT, if the above measures have failed, sucking on the airwayneHmay be useful. Place the victim on his back with his face upward and hisayneJmouth open. Place a handerkchief or light cloth over his mouth. Put one ofneJyour hands on the victim's stomach and the with your other hand, pinch hisneDnostrils together. Place your mouth over the victim's mouth and suckch hisneGstrongly on his airway, while at the same time pressing on his stomach.hisneLThe foreign object may be sucked into the handerkchief covering the victim'smouth.reign object may be sucked into the handerkchief covering the victim'smouth.reign object may be sucked into the handerkchief covering the victim'sHEven after relief is obtained, the victim should seek medical attention,im'sGbecause foreign matter may still remain. This could result into serious,im'scomplications.n matter may still remain. This could result into serious,im's& Shockn. This could result into serious,im'sISHOCK is a condition which is caused by the depressed state of many vitalm'sGbody functions. Shock can be life threating even though the injuries oralm's. Any bite from animals or humans in which the skin is broken.ply.rst aididd.. Any cut deeper than the outer layer of skin. skin is broken.ply.rst aididdL. Any cut on the face or other body part in which a scar would be noticeable after it has healed.or other body part in which a scar would be noticeableG. Any wound which has foreign matter imbedded that cannot be removed byeable first aid.which has foreign matter imbedded that cannot be removed byeableE. Any wound in which there is any doubt about what to do to treat it.byeable. Any wound in which there is any doubt about what to do to treat it.byeableJSEVERE BLEEDING should be stopped immediately. There are four methods thatleDare recommended for stopping severe bleeding. 1- Direct pressure,s thatleJ2- Elevation, 3- Pressure on the supplying artery, 4- Tourniquet ( ONLYle!after other methods have failed )e supplying artery, 4- Tourniquet ( ONLYleafter other methods have failed )e supplying artery, 4- Tourniquet ( ONLYleJDIRECT PRESSURE can be accomplished by pressing with the palm of your handleIon a compress of cloth or gauze which covers the entire wound. You shoulddleLuse a clean cloth if one available but a dirty cloth is better than nothing.use a clean cloth if one available but a dirty cloth is better than nothing.KIf blood soaks through the compress, then add more cloth. Do not remove the.5soaked compress. Just add more thick layers of cloth.oth. Do not remove the.soaked compress. Just add more thick layers of cloth.oth. Do not remove the.LNote: Direct hand pressure is used to stop or slow down the bleeding without/ stopping the normal circulation of blood.low down the bleeding without stopping the normal circulation of blood.low down the bleeding withoutJA pressure bandage which keeps pressure directly on the wound, and securedutJin place by a strip of cloth, may be used to allow the person giving firstutLaid the freedom to perform other first aid procedures to the same or anotherKvictim. The strip of cloth used to hold the pressure bandage should be tiedr;in place with the know directly over the bandage and wound.e should be tiedrin place with the know directly over the bandage and wound.e should be tiedrJELEVATION of the body part above the heart should be accomplished to allowdrIthe force of gravity to aid in the slowing down of the loss of blood fromwdrIthe wound. You must continue the use of the direct pressure on the wound.wdrthe wound. You must continue the use of the direct pressure on the wound.wdrLNote: If there is evidence of a fracture to the body part then it should not be elevated.evidence of a fracture to the body part then it should not be elevated.evidence of a fracture to the body part then it should notGPRESSURE ON SUPPLYING ARTERY may be used to stop severe bleeding if thed notLdirect pressure and elevation techniques alone do not stop it. This pressureKon the supplying artery is applied at certain points on the body and shouldeEnot be used unless it is absolutely necessary to help stop the severeshouldeHbleeding because it stops the circluation to, and within, the body part.uldebleeding because it stops the circluation to, and within, the body part.uldeGIf the pressure point technique is applied, it should be used only long.uldeLenough to stop the bleeding, no longer. You should always be prepared to use3the pressure point method if bleeding starts again.always be prepared to usethe pressure point method if bleeding starts again.always be prepared to useJ. The pressure point on an arm is approximately half way between the elbowseH and the armpit on the inside of the arm. You should grasp the victim'sowseI upper arm with your thumb on the outside and your fingers on the insidewseJ of the arm. Apply pressure to the brachial artery with the flat part andseK not the tips of your fingers. This pressure will force the artery againste8 the arm bone to shut off the flow of blood in the arm. the artery againsteK. The pressure point to be used to stop bleeding from a leg is on the fronteI of the thigh just below the middle of the crease of the groin where thenteI pelvic bone and the femoral artery cross. The bleeding victim should benteI placed on his back quickly so you may begin using the pressure point bynteH putting the heel of your hand directly over the pressure point. If theynteJ direct pressure by the heel of your hand does not stop the bleeding, youteJ may need to place the flat part of your fingers directly on the pressureteK point and then apply additional pressure on your fingers with the heel ofeH your other hand. You should keep your arm straight and lean forward to ofeK apply the pressure to aid in the prevention of tension and muscle strain.e apply the pressure to aid in the prevention of tension and muscle strain.eJTOURNIQUET. The use of a tourniquet is a dangerous technique and should be.eDused ONLY where absolutely necessary to control the bleeding and theuld be.eLdecision made that you may have to sacrifice a limb in order to save a life!KOnce a tourniquet is applied, it must never be removed by anyone other than! a physician.iquet is applied, it must never be removed by anyone other than!a physician.iquet is applied, it must never be removed by anyone other than!H. A tourniquet is almost never needed and should not be used except in ahan!F critical emergency where the other methods do not stop the bleeding. ahan!J. A tourniquet is a wide band of cloth or similar material which is placedn!I between the wound and the heart. It is tightly wrapped twice around thedn!1 limb and tied into a knot just above the wound.wrapped twice around thedn!H. Place a short, strong stick or similar item that will not break on theedn!L first knot of the tourniquet. Tie two knots on top of the stick thus tyingK it to the first knot. Twist the stick to tighten the tourniquet. ContinuegI twisting the stick until the bleeding stop then secure the stick to theuegE limb in a manner that it will not untwist or loosen the tourniquet. theuegL. DO NOT cover a tourniquet. You should treat the victim for shock and other injuries if necessary.uet. You should treat the victim for shock and otherK. You should make a written note of the tourniquet location and the time itr7 was applied and attach it the clothing of the victim.tion and the time itr was applied and attach it the clothing of the victim.tion and the time itrLPREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION AND INFECTION should be effected on a wound whenKpossible. If a wound has had a compress applied to control bleeding, do notnJremove or disturb the compress. You must never attempt to clean this woundtnDbecause the victim must have medical attention and you may cause the woundtnbleeding to resume.must have medical attention and you may cause the woundtnbleeding to resume.must have medical attention and you may cause the woundtnK. A wound that is not deeper than the skin and is not bleeding badly shouldnH be cleansed by flushing thoroughly with running tap water before it isuldnL dressed and bandaged. You should dry the wound by dabbing or blotting with a sterile or clean cloth. should dry the wound by dabbing or blotting with a sterile or clean cloth. should dry the wound by dabbing or blotting withLFOREIGN OBJECTS such as splinters, glass fragments, small pieces of wire andKmetal shavings very often are just in the surface tissue and do not usuallydHincapacitate a person. Objects such as these only irritate but, they canllydEcause infection if they are not removed. Removal of these objects cancanllydEusually be accomplished with pins, needles or tweezers that have beencanllydAsterilized and used to lift or pull the object out of the tissue.beencanllydsterilized and used to lift or pull the object out of the tissue.beencanllydK. If a victim has a deep penetrating wound from objects, such as a stick ordL a piece of metal which protrudes loosely from the body for more than a fewI inches, then the object should held carefully to avoid futher injury tofewJ the victim and be cut off a few inches from the wound and left in place.ewG. You should apply massive dressings around the wound and the object toce.ewH immoblize it to prevent futher injury and get the victim to a hospitale.ew immediately. to prevent futher injury and get the victim to a hospitale.ewJ. If the victim has been impaled on an object such as a stake, reinforcingewK steel or a metal fence rod then, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES should the victimwD be removed or pulled loose from the object. You must get help from victimwL ambulance or rescue personnel who are familiar with and equipped to handle such injuries.escue personnel who are familiar with and equipped to handle such injuries.escue personnel who are familiar with and equipped to handleJBITES from animals or humans can cause punctures, lacerations or avulsionsleKand not only should the wound be cared for but additional attention must bee5given to the dangers of infection, especially rabies.onal attention must beegiven to the dangers of infection, especially rabies.onal attention must beeJ. Bites from humans that break the skin could become seriously infected soeeK you should cleanse the wound, apply a bandage and seek medical attention.eJ. Bites from an animal could become very dangerous. Many wild animals such.eJ as bats, rats or raccoons transmit the rabies virus. The wound should be.eJ cleaned with soap and water and a dressing should be applied. You should.e- seek medical attention as soon as possible.should be applied. You should.e seek medical attention as soon as possible.should be applied. You should.eIDo not kill an animal from which the bite occured unless it is absolutelyd.eInecessary. If you must kill the animal, take care not to damage it's headd.eLbecause public health officials need to examine it for possiblity of rabies.because public health officials need to examine it for possiblity of rabies.FThe animal should be restrained, if possible, so it may be observed byabies.public health officials.trained, if possible, so it may be observed byabies.public health officials.trained, if possible, so it may be observed byabies.) Closed Woundsble, so it may be observed byabies.KCLOSED WOUNDS are usually caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls or other.Gexternal forces. They may range from small wounds with a relative minorther.Binjury to to those that are very severe and have massive injuries.minorther.injury to to those that are very severe and have massive injuries.minorther.@There are tell tell signs that are common to most closed wounds.s.minorther.There are tell tell signs that are common to most closed wounds.s.minorther.C. In case of a fracture or dislocation in a limb, you will notice ainorther. deformity in the limb.or dislocation in a limb, you will notice ainorther.E. If the victim has had a powerful force exerted on his body that hasorther.G resulted in unconciousness or shock, you should suspect that there isther.C internal bleeding or possible injury and rupture of a body organ.e isther.@. Pain and tenderness in the area where injury is thought to be.an.e isther.<. A very rapid, weak pulse or rapid breathing and dizziness. be.an.e isther.=. Cold, pale, clammy skin or restlessness and extreme thirst.be.an.e isther.B. Coughing up or vomiting blood, or passage of blood in the urine..e isther.. Coughing up or vomiting blood, or passage of blood in the urine..e isther.EFIRST AID FOR CLOSED WOUNDS should be given after the victim has beenisther.Jcarefully examined for fractures to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, limbs,r.back and spine.ned for fractures to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, limbs,r.back and spine.ned for fractures to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, limbs,r.K. If an internal injury is suspected, you should seek medical attention for.! the victim as soon as possible.ted, you should seek medical attention for.L. Before the victim is moved, immobilize any area with a suspected fracture,I pay particular attention to preventing them from going into shock, thenre,G transport them in the prone position to a medical facility to receiveenre,# futher attention to their injury.ion to a medical facility to receiveenre,L. If a victim is suspected of having internal injuries, DO NOT give them anyL fluids by mouth, REGARDLESS of how much they complain about being thirsty.I. If the victim has a small closed wound, such as a black eye, you shouldty.7 place a cold cloth or ice pack over the injured area.ck eye, you shouldty.